Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Mass media in Liberia

A Cellcom Liberia antenna in Monrovia (2009).

Mass media in Liberia include the press, radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.

Much of Liberia's communications infrastructure was destroyed or plundered during the two civil wars (1989–1996 and 1999–2003).[1] With low rates of adult literacy and high poverty rates, television and newspaper use is limited, leaving radio as the predominant means of communicating with the public.[2]

Even as it struggles with economic and political constraints, Liberia's media environment is expanding. The number of registered newspapers and radio stations (many of them community stations) is on the rise despite limited market potential. And politically critical content and investigative pieces do get published or broadcast.[3]

Press

The main newspapers are:[4]

Defunct newspapers and magazines include:[11]

  • Africa League
  • African Nationalist[12]
  • Africa's Luminary (est. 1839)
  • Amulet (est. 1839)
  • Daily Listener (est. 1950)
  • Footprints Today (est. 1984)
  • The Friend
  • Independent Weekly
  • Journal of Commerce and Industry
  • Liberia and West Africa (ceased in 1932)
  • Liberia Herald (est. 1826)[13]
  • Liberian Age (est. 1946)
  • Liberian Herald
  • Liberian News[12]
  • Liberian Recorder (est. 1897)
  • Liberian Star (est. 1839)
  • Monrovia Observer (est. 1878)
  • Palm Magazine
  • SunTimes
  • Weekly Mirror[12]
  • Whirlwind[12]


Radio

Main article: List of radio stations in Liberia

Television

Telephones

The Comium mobile phone building (2006).
See also: Telephone numbers in Liberia

The fixed line infrastructure of Liberia was nearly completely destroyed during the civil wars (1989-1996 and 1999-2003).[1]

Prior to the passage of the Telecommunications Act of 2007, the state-owned Liberia Telecommunications Corporation (LIBTELCO) held a legal monopoly for all fixed line services in Liberia, and remains the sole licensed fixed line telephone service provider in the country.[22]

Two licensed GSM cellular mobile service providers operate in the country: Lonestar Cell and CellCom. Approximately 45% of the population has cell phone service.[1]

Internet

Notable commercial websites

While Liberia's commercial internet sector is still behind the majority of African countries there are still a few classifieds sites:[citation needed]

Internet censorship and surveillance

There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms.[29]

The constitution provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. Libel and national security laws place some limits on freedom of speech. Individuals can generally criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisal. Some journalists practice self-censorship. The constitution prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.[29]

President Sirleaf endorsed and signed the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers' Declaration of Table Mountain in Monrovia on 21 July 2012, committing to the core principles of a free press and calling for the repeal of the criminal defamation and insult laws regularly used against journalists.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "PPIAF Supports Telecommunications Reform and Liberalization in Liberia" (PDF). Public-Private Infrastructure Facility (PPIAF). July 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  2. ^ "Introduction to Communication and Development in Liberia" Archived 2014-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, AudienceScapes. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  3. ^ "Media Environment and Regulation in Liberia" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, AudienceScapes. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  4. ^ "Liberia Newspapers and News on the Internet", Africa South of the Sahara, Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Liberia: LMC Extols Media Institutions", The NEWS, 16 September 2008, AllAfrica. (subscription required)
  6. ^ a b c "Liberia: Media and Publishing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Liberia profile", BBC News, 14 March 2012.
  8. ^ Lydia Polgreen (4 August 2006). "All the News That Fits: Liberia's Blackboard Headlines". The New York Times.
  9. ^ a b "Media regulator recommends support for local media coverage of truth commission", BBC Monitoring Africa, 27 June 2008.
  10. ^ Alphonso been in the profession for over twenty years. He has worked for many international media outlets  including: West Africa Magazine, Africa Week Magazine, African Observer and  did occasional reporting for CNN, BBC World Service, Sunday Times, NPR, Radio Deutchewells, Radio Netherlands. He is the current correspondent for Reuters. Mr. Toweh holds first MA with honors in International  Relations and a  candidate for second master in International Peace studies and Conflict  Resolution. (subscription required)
  11. ^ Falola 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d Newspaper & Current Periodical Room. "Liberia". 19th and 20th Century Foreign Newspapers in Original Format: Inventory. Washington DC: U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  13. ^ D. Elwood Dunn; et al. (2001). Historical Dictionary of Liberia (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1-4616-5931-0.
  14. ^ "Most Used Media Outlets in Liberia" Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine, AudienceScapes. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Communications: Liberia", World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 28 January 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  16. ^ a b "Liberia: Radio Station Websites", Radio Station World. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  17. ^ "Liberia: Press Union names Star Radio as radio station of year", BBC Monitoring Africa, 30 July 2008.
  18. ^ "Firestone launches radio station 89.5 FM". The Informer. AllAfrica. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010. (subscription required)
  19. ^ https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164C-2011-PDF-E.pdf
  20. ^ Dialing Procedures (International Prefix, National (Trunk) Prefix and National (Significant) Number) (in Accordance with ITY-T Recommendation E.164 (11/2010)), Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  21. ^ "ACE: Africa Coast to Europe", Orange SA. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  22. ^ "About Us" Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine, Liberia Telecommunications Corporation. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  23. ^ a b Calculated using penetration rate and population data from "Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012" Archived 2017-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  24. ^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012", International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  25. ^ "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
  26. ^ "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
  27. ^ Select Formats Archived 2009-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
  28. ^ Population, The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
  29. ^ a b c "Liberia", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 25 March 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2014.

Bibliography

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Liberia