Mathieson is a surname and may apply to the following:

• Alexander Mathieson & Sons, Scottish edge-tool makers
• Bonnie Mathieson (1945–2018), American scientist
• Colin Mathieson, Paralympic athlete from Canada
• Craig Mathieson (born 1971), Australian writer
• David Mathieson (born 1978), Scottish footballer
• James Mathieson (1905–1950), Scottish football goalkeeper
• Jamie Mathieson, British writer
• Jean Mathieson, Canadian animator
• Jim Mathieson (footballer) (1892–1982), Australian rules footballer
• Jim Mathieson (ice hockey) (born 1970), Canadian ice hockey player
• Jim Mathieson (sculptor) (1931–2003), British sculptor
• John Mathieson (cinematographer) (born 1958), film maker
• John Mathieson (computer scientist), computer scientist who worked for Sinclair Research and later developed the Atari Jaguar video games console
• John Alexander Mathieson (1863–1947), Premier of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island 1911–1917
• Kristi Mathieson, American politician from Maine
• Muir Mathieson (1911–1975), British conductor
• Neil Mathieson (1823– ), Scottish chemist and businessman
• Peter Mathieson (born 1959), British nephrologist
• Peter Mathieson, New Zealand swimmer
• Rhys Mathieson (born 1997), Australian rules footballer
• Scott Mathieson (born 1984), Canadian baseball player
• Taso Mathieson (1908–1991), Scottish racing driver
• Willie Mathieson, Scottish footballer

It is also very rarely used as a given name:

• Mathieson Jacoby (1869–1915), Australian politician

• Matheson (surname)
• Mathison, surname