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Manhattan Beach, California

Manhattan Beach, California
City
The Manhattan Beach Pier on a typical fall afternoon
The Manhattan Beach Pier on a typical fall afternoon
Flag of Manhattan Beach, California
Flag
Official seal of Manhattan Beach, California
Seal
Motto(s): 
"Sun, Sand, Sea"
Location of Manhattan Beach in Los Angeles County, California
Location of Manhattan Beach in Los Angeles County, California
Manhattan Beach, California is located in the United States
Manhattan Beach, California
Manhattan Beach, California
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 33°53′20″N 118°24′19″W / 33.88889°N 118.40528°W / 33.88889; -118.40528
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountyLos Angeles
IncorporatedDecember 12, 1912[1]
Named forManhattan
Government
 • TypeCouncil-Manager
 • MayorAmy Howorth
 • Mayor Pro TemDavid Lesser
 • City council[3]
  • Steve Napolitano, Richard Montgomery, Joseph Franklin
 • Acting City ManagerTalyn Mirzakhanian
 • City treasurerTim Lilligren[2]
Area
[4]
 • Total
3.94 sq mi (10.20 km2)
 • Land3.93 sq mi (10.19 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2)  0.1%
Elevation
[5]
66 ft (20 m)
Population
 (2020)[6]
 • Total
35,506
 • Estimate 
(2022)[6]
34,137
 • Density9,025.4/sq mi (3,484.7/km2)
Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP codes
90266, 90267[7]
Area codes310/424[8]
FIPS code06-45400
GNIS feature IDs1660985, 2411020
Websitewww.citymb.info

Manhattan Beach is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, United States, on the Pacific coast south of El Segundo, west of Hawthorne and Redondo Beach, and north of Hermosa Beach. As of the 2020 census, the population was 35,506.[6]

Together with Hermosa Beach and Redondo Beach, it forms the three Beach Cities within the South Bay region of Los Angeles County. The community is known for a long beach stretching approximately 2.1 miles (3.4 km) and roughly 450 feet (140 m) wide. The climate is moderate because of Manhattan Beach's proximity to the Pacific Ocean, with an average year-round high temperature of 69.1 °F (20.6 °C) and an average year-round low of 56.4 °F (13.6 °C).

History

Don Manuel Domínguez, owner of Rancho San Pedro, which included modern-day Manhattan Beach

The sandy coastal area was likely inhabited by the Tongva tribe of Native Americans. Archeological work in the nearby Chowigna excavation show evidence of inhabitants as far back as 7,100 years ago. The Tongva Village of Ongovanga was located near neighboring Redondo Beach.[9]

In the mid-18th century, the Portolá expedition was the first European land exploration of present-day California. It traveled north from San Diego to the San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley, Monterey Bay, and San Francisco Bay. In 1784, the Spanish Crown deeded Rancho San Pedro, a tract of over 75,000 acres (300 km2), to soldier Juan José Domínguez. It included what is today the entire Port of Los Angeles; San Pedro, Los Angeles; Harbor City, Los Angeles; Wilmington, Los Angeles; Carson; Compton; the Dominguez Hills; Lomita; the Palos Verdes Peninsula; Redondo Beach; Hermosa Beach; Manhattan Beach; and Torrance.

In 1863, a Scottish immigrant, Sir Robert Burnett, purchased Rancho Sausal Redondo and Rancho Aguaje de la Centinela from Avila's heirs for $33,000. Ten years later in 1873, Burnett leased the ranch to a Canadian, Daniel Freeman (not the American of the same name, who was the first to file a claim under the Homestead Act of 1862). Burnett returned to Scotland. Freeman moved his wife and three children onto the ranch and started growing various crops. On May 4, 1885, Freeman bought the ranch from Burnett for $140,000. At some point after this the location was informally called "Shore Acres." Shortly thereafter, in 1888 the area's first freight and passenger railroad tracks were built by the Santa Fe Railroad company. The tracks ran through today’s Manhattan Beach and spanned all the way to Redondo Beach with a substation constructed in later years at Center Street, which today is Manhattan Beach Boulevard.[10]

George H. Peck owned the land that became part of the north section of Manhattan Beach. A coin flip decided the town's name. Around 1902, the beach suburb was named "Manhattan" after developer Stewart Merrill's home, the New York City borough of Manhattan.[11] "Beach" was appended to the city's name, in 1927, at the behest of the postmaster.[11]

Incorporation of the City of Manhattan Beach won in a vote held on November 26, 1912.[12]

Mrs. W. A. Bruce, a landowner of property near the coast, created the first beach resort for Black Americans in Southern California, Bruce's Beach.[13][14] Bruce set up a small portable cottage with a stand in front where soda and lunches were sold.[13] There were two dressing tents with showers, and fifty bathing suits were available for rent.[13] Peck's land was located between Bruce's land and the beach itself, and Peck erected "no trespassing signs" on his land, which required beachgoers to walk a half-mile around his land in order to go to the beach.[13] Many beachgoers did so, which made the nearby white landowners unhappy.[13] In the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan began violently harassing the resort's visitors, the Bruce family, and four other Black families that bought lots. In 1924, the city used eminent domain to seize the land from the Black property owners under the pretense of building a park.[15][16][17] Bruce's attorney noted that there was a lot of vacant property located on both sides of Bruce's Beach that could have been used for a public park, and that the city's insistence in seizing Bruce's property was a ruse to carry out the city's racist objection to Black people using the public beach.[15] In 2021, California Governor Gavin Newsom signed legislation authorizing the transferring of the property to descendants of the family.[18][19]

The land in Manhattan Beach was formerly sand dunes. During the 1920s and 1930s, Kuhn Brothers Construction Company leveled uneven sandy sites and some excess sand was sold and shipped to Waikiki, Hawaii, to convert their reef and rock beach into a sandy beach.[20]

The McMartin preschool trials, an example of day care sex abuse hysteria, started with investigations of a Manhattan Beach preschool in 1983. The trials ran from 1987 to 1990 and resulted in no convictions.[21] HBO dramatized this case in the Emmy-winning Indictment: The McMartin Trial,[22] which was partially filmed in Manhattan Beach.[23][24]

The Manhattan Beach Pier in 2013

Geography

Climate

Climate data for Manhattan Beach, California
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 91
(33) 		92
(33) 		95
(35) 		102
(39) 		97
(36) 		104
(40) 		97
(36) 		98
(37) 		110
(43) 		106
(41) 		101
(38) 		94
(34) 		110
(43)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 64.9
(18.3) 		63.7
(17.6) 		64.3
(17.9) 		65.9
(18.8) 		68.1
(20.1) 		71.3
(21.8) 		74.4
(23.6) 		75.2
(24.0) 		74.9
(23.8) 		72.8
(22.7) 		68.9
(20.5) 		65.2
(18.4) 		69.1
(20.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 49.3
(9.6) 		50.2
(10.1) 		51.9
(11.1) 		54.1
(12.3) 		56.7
(13.7) 		61.3
(16.3) 		64.1
(17.8) 		64.4
(18.0) 		62.9
(17.2) 		59.3
(15.2) 		53.3
(11.8) 		48.9
(9.4) 		56.4
(13.5)
Record low °F (°C) 27
(−3) 		34
(1) 		35
(2) 		42
(6) 		45
(7) 		48
(9) 		52
(11) 		51
(11) 		47
(8) 		43
(6) 		38
(3) 		32
(0) 		27
(−3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.71
(69) 		3.35
(85) 		1.85
(47) 		0.7
(18) 		0.22
(5.6) 		0.08
(2.0) 		0.03
(0.76) 		0.05
(1.3) 		0.21
(5.3) 		0.56
(14) 		1.11
(28) 		2.05
(52) 		12.92
(327.96)
Source: The Weather Channel[25]

Manhattan Beach benefits from ocean breezes that provide clean air and summer temperatures that are 10 to 20 °F (5.6 to 11.1 °C) cooler than the inland regions of Southern California.

The city has a total area of 3.9 square miles (10 km2). Manhattan Beach features 2.1 miles (3.4 km) of ocean frontage.

Beach and sand dunes

A majority of the land in Manhattan Beach was once exposed sand dunes, which now lie beneath the city's buildings and streets. The underlying dunes afford residents ocean views throughout western portions of the city. The tallest hill is 244 feet high, and it is located in the city's southwest region. The only remaining exposed sand dune is at Sand Dune Park, where sand resembling the original landscape can also be found. In the late 1920s, excess sand from Manhattan Beach was purchased by Hawaiʻian developers, who negotiated a deal with the Kuhn Brothers Construction Company to ship the sand across the Pacific Ocean from Manhattan Beach via Los Angeles Harbor to Waikiki Beach over a ten-year period.[20]

The beach is approximately 2.1 miles long and 400 feet wide. In the early part of the last century, the beach was narrow (approximately 150 feet) and sloping. From 1938 to 1989, it more than doubled in width when large quantities of sand were placed on beaches to the north during construction of the Hyperion Treatment Plant, Marina del Rey, and Scattergood Power Plant. The sand was carried southward by the ocean's natural littoral flow and widened Manhattan Beach.[26]

Every August, the city hosts the Manhattan Beach Open volleyball tournament and the International Surf Festival.

Neighborhoods

Glass home on the "Strand"
A view of the ocean in Manhattan Beach

The city has several distinct neighborhoods, including the "Strand", "Sand Section", "Hill Section", "Tree Section", "Gas Lamp Section", "Manhattan Village", "Manhattan Heights", "East Manhattan Beach" (Manhattan Village, Manhattan Heights, Liberty Village), "The Poet's Section" (Shelley, Tennyson, Longfellow, Keats), and "El Porto" (North Manhattan Beach). The Roth Tract, between Herrin and Peck, is sometimes referred to as the "Bird Section."

The "Hill Section" is known for its high-priced homes; many of the residences are remodeled or newly constructed. The steep hills allow panoramic ocean and city views.[27]

The "Sand Section" has quiet walk-street neighborhoods adjacent to the ocean. Oceanfront homes stretch along the bike path and walking lane of "The Strand". "The Strand" section of Manhattan Beach includes some of the most expensive real estate per square foot in the United States.[28]

Since 2010, new property developments in Manhattan Beach cannot exceed two lot parcels. Size and appearance restrictions were enacted by the Manhattan Beach City Council to preserve the appearance of the beachfront community after three lots were joined to create a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m2) oceanside home in 2008.[29]

Downtown

"Downtown" Manhattan Beach is considered the heart of the city. The area runs along Manhattan Beach Boulevard and the streets perpendicular to the Manhattan Beach Pier and Valley Drive. There are Zagat-rated casual fine-dining restaurants, specialty boutiques and retailers that create a pedestrian-friendly, mixed-use downtown center. The Metlox site, where the pottery factory once stood for decades, was closed in the early 1990s and redeveloped into a mixed-use center. The Metlox site includes a luxury boutique hotel, spa, restaurants, shops and underground parking.

North Manhattan Beach District

North Manhattan Beach business district is located near the intersection of Rosecrans and Highland and has restaurants and shops. The district is defined as covering "32nd Street to 45th Street and consist[s] of over 80 businesses".[30]

Rosecrans Corridor

The Rosecrans corridor is located on the south side of Rosecrans Avenue, east of Sepulveda, and west of Aviation.

The Manhattan Beach Country Club, the westdrift Manhattan Beach Hotel and Golf Course, retail stores, restaurants, supermarkets, multi-story office buildings, and shopping centers border the Rosecrans corridor between Sepulveda and Aviation Boulevards. The Rosecrans corridor is adjacent to The Point[31] and Plaza El Segundo[32] off Sepulveda Blvd, which features additional retailers.

Sepulveda Corridor

The Sepulveda Corridor occupies the commercial zone, and is the city's main north–south highway. The area includes the Manhattan Village Mall, which is located east of Sepulveda Boulevard between Marine and Rosecrans Avenues. The mall, built in the early 1980s, was remodeled in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The Manhattan Village Mall is executing a multimillion-dollar redevelopment which adds both outdoor and enclosed retail and restaurant space. There are several medium-size hotels, large automobile dealerships, automotive repair shops, restaurants, multi-story office buildings, medical buildings, pharmacies, banks, and small shopping centers along this corridor. Kaiser Permanente's medical offices include a laboratory and pharmacy.[33]

Aviation Corridor

The Aviation Corridor is located along Aviation Boulevard (the city's eastern boundary), south of Rosecrans Avenue, and north of Marine Avenue. Aviation High School was located at the intersection of Manhattan Beach Boulevard and Aviation until it closed in the early 1980s.[34] The zone includes several major entertainment and aerospace complexes, including the Manhattan Beach Studios Media Campus and the Northrop Grumman Space Park Complex.[35] Manhattan Beach Media Campus has production for movies and entertainment including the Marvel Studios motion pictures Thor (2011) and Iron Man 2 (2010) and both sequels to James Cameron's Avatar movie.[36] The studio complex has large photovoltaic solar panel rooftop installations in the area which generates approximately 1 megawatt of power.

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1920859—
19301,891120.1%
19406,398238.3%
195017,330170.9%
196033,93495.8%
197035,3524.2%
198031,542−10.8%
199032,0631.7%
200033,8525.6%
201035,1353.8%
202035,5061.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[37]

The 2010 United States Census[38] reported that Manhattan Beach had a population of 35,135. The population density was 8,914.7 inhabitants per square mile (3,442.0/km2). The racial makeup of Manhattan Beach was 29,686 (84.5%) White (79.3% Non-Hispanic White),[39] 290 (0.8%) Black or African American (U.S. Census), 59 (0.2%) Native American, 3,023 (8.6%) Asian, 49 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 409 (1.2%) from other races, and 1,619 (4.6%) from two or more races. There were 2,440 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (6.9%).

The Census reported that 35,107 people (99.9% of the population) lived in households, 28 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 14,038 households, out of which 4,735 (33.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 7,583 (54.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 892 (6.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 438 (3.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 695 (5.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 85 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 3,627 households (25.8%) were made up of individuals, and 1,078 (7.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50. There were 8,913 families (63.5% of all households); the average family size was 3.10.

There were 8,725 people (24.8%) under the age of 18, 1,740 people (5.0%) aged 18 to 24, 9,532 people (27.1%) aged 25 to 44, 10,681 people (30.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,457 people (12.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males. There were 14,929 housing units at an average density of 3,787.9 units per square mile (1,462.5 units/km2), of which 9,420 (67.1%) were owner-occupied, and 4,618 (32.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.3%. 25,587 people (72.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 9,520 people (27.1%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Manhattan Beach had a median household income of $139,259, with 3.4% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[39]

Many high-profile individuals in the sports and entertainment industry live in Manhattan Beach due to its oceanfront desirability, top performing school district, and commuting distance to Los Angeles.[40]

According to Mapping L.A., German and English were the most common ancestries in 2000. Canada and the United Kingdom were the most common foreign places of birth.[41]

Economy

According to the city's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[42] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Target 405
2 Skechers 362
3 Macy's 271
4 Fry's Electronics 251
5 Marriott 208
6 Ralphs 146
7 Olive Garden 143
8 24 Hour Fitness 133
9 Bristol Farms 130
10 Shade Hotel 113
11 Manhattan Beach Toyota 99
12 Houston's Restaurants 97
13 California Pizza Kitchen 85
14 Chili's 81
15 Belamar Hotel 79
16 Islands 75
17 REI 62

Residential prices in Manhattan Beach are among the highest in the state of California. In 2013, the Dataquick study reported that more homes exceeding $1 million were sold in Manhattan Beach than any other city in California. Pacific Palisades, Beverly Hills, La Jolla, Malibu, Bel-Air, Orinda, Atherton, Montecito, and other high end cities in California ranked behind Manhattan Beach. The Higley 100 Census survey found that The Hill Section of Manhattan Beach is the second highest mean household income neighborhood in Los Angeles County, with Beverly Park ranking first and Beverly Hills (the 90210 section) ranking third, respectively.[43] The current median residential home price is $2.2 million according to a November 23, 2014, Los Angeles Times article, and land values in Manhattan Beach rank among the highest per square foot in the nation.[28] Land values on the Manhattan Beach "Strand" are routinely around $10 million for a 3,000-square-foot (280 m2) piece of land.

Parks and recreation

Manhattan Beach pier and concrete bike path
See also: List of Manhattan Beach municipal parks

The wide sandy beaches attract over 3.8 million visitors annually.[44] Beach volleyball, swimming, body boarding and surfing are popular activities among residents and visitors.[45] Popular surf spots include the pier and El Porto, the northern end of the beach. Lifeguard stations are located along the entire length of the beach and the beach is cleaned and groomed daily by crews from LA County Beaches and Harbors Department. Along the Strand at the eastern edge of the beach is a concrete bike path for bicycles. The bikeway extends north to Santa Monica and south to Torrance. A separate 2.1-mile (3.4 km) pedestrian walkway runs alongside the bike path. Restrooms and shower facilities are provided adjacent to the Strand paths. An area known Veteran's Parkway is a pedestrian walkway that runs adjacent to Valley Drive and Ardmore Avenue near downtown Manhattan Beach. Nearly 20 acres (8.1 ha) and 3 miles (4.8 km) long and extending into Hermosa Beach, the wood-chip walkway is a popular trail for runners and dog-walkers.

Polliwog Park is the largest and most popular park. Located on Manhattan Beach Boulevard, two blocks west of Aviation Boulevard, Polliwog Park includes the Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden, as well as a small lake, open-air concert amphitheater, playground equipment, picnic tables, restrooms, and a fenced dog exercise area. It is also the site of the Manhattan Beach Historical Society Red Cottage, which is home to the city's collection of historical artifacts. Marine Avenue Park, west of Aviation Boulevard on Marine, has several lighted ball fields, basketball courts, and an indoor racket ball facility. A small skate park was added to Marine Avenue Park in 2017 after a 16-year battle over its location.[46] Live Oak Park in the downtown area has ball fields, batting cages, playground equipment, basketball courts, tennis courts, and picnic tables. Additionally, Begg pool offers comprehensive swimming programs year around for both adults and children including instruction, recreational swimming, water aerobics, and even a youth swim team and adult swim club.[47] Bruce's Beach (formerly Culiacan Park) is north of downtown.

For over 50 years, the city of Manhattan Beach hosts an annual Hometown Fair[48] at Live Oak Park in downtown Manhattan Beach. Popular among community residents, the fair features food and drink, live music, games and booths to raise funds for local causes.

Government

Local government

The city of Manhattan Beach is governed by a five-member City Council. City Council members are elected every four years. The office of the Mayor of Manhattan Beach rotates every nine months among the members of the City Council, so that each City Council member serves one term as Mayor. A City Manager is appointed by the City Council. An elected City Treasurer serves a four-year term.

The Beach Cities Health District,[49] provides health and wellness services to the residents of Hermosa Beach, Manhattan Beach, and Redondo Beach. It is funded partially by over $3 million annually from property taxes. The voters of the three beach cities elect the 5-member Board of Directors to 4-year terms. One of 78 California Health Districts,[50] it was created in 1955 as South Bay Hospital which no longer exists and took on its current name in 1993. Beach Cities Health District is now focused on real estate development and opened AdventurePlex,[51] a Manhattan Beach fitness center for kids and their families, in 2002. Filled with mazes, tunnels, outdoor rock climbing walls, complex ropes courses, and an indoor gym, AdventurePlex challenges children physically and intellectually in health-focused recreational activities.

County government

Manhattan Beach Library

Manhattan Beach is in the Second Supervisorial District of Los Angeles County. Holly Mitchell is the District Supervisor.[52] The county collects taxes on properties in Manhattan Beach and maintains property assessment rolls. Los Angeles County maintains the beach and provides daily cleaning and grooming. The county also maintains the bike path at the eastern edge of the beach. The Manhattan Beach County Library is located downtown on Highland Avenue two blocks north of Manhattan Beach Boulevard. The library is part of the County of Los Angeles Public Library system, and includes Internet-accessible computers, WiFi, and access to the six million items in the county library collection. The new $19 million, 20,000 square foot, two-story facility featuring a glass exterior was completed in 2015.[53]

State legislators

In the California State Legislature, Manhattan Beach is in the 24th Senate District, represented by Democrat Ben Allen,[54] and in the 66th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Al Muratsuchi.[55]

Federal government

In the United States House of Representatives, Manhattan Beach is in California's 36th congressional district, represented by Democrat Ted Lieu.[56]

Education

According to US Census data, Manhattan Beach holds the ranking as the second most educated city in Los Angeles County and the fifth most educated city in the state of California.[57]

Primary and secondary schools

Mira Costa High School
School 2010 API Score[needs update]
Grandview Elementary 957
Meadows Elementary 946
Pacific Elementary 960
Pennekamp Elementary 948
Robinson Elementary 962
Manhattan Beach Middle 945
Mira Costa High School 911

Public education in Manhattan Beach is provided by the Manhattan Beach Unified School District, which oversees five elementary schools (Grand View, Meadows, Pacific, Pennekamp, Robinson), one middle school (Manhattan Beach Middle School), and one high school (Mira Costa High School).

The Manhattan Beach Unified School district is ranked as the third-best-performing school district in the state of California.[when?][citation needed] The district received a score of 926 on the 2010 California Academic Performance Index.[58] Each individual school also ranks at the top of its respective category.[59] Manhattan Beach is currently ranked as one of the best suburbs in Los Angeles Country for its high-earning and well educated residents.[60]

Manhattan Beach's top performing school district is currently ranked as the third best in the state of California, behind only Palo Alto and South Pasadena.[61] and Forbes Magazine ranked the city's school district, MBUSD, as the sixth best school district in the United States.[62]

Private schools located in Manhattan Beach include American Martyrs Catholic School (of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles), Manhattan Academy, Montessori School of Manhattan Beach and Journey of Faith Christian School.

Residents of Manhattan Beach were in the Wiseburn School District until 1913, when the Manhattan Beach elementary school district formed. Residents attended Redondo Union High School until 1950, when Mira Costa High School opened.[63] Residents were within, in addition to the elementary district, the South Bay Union High School District until 1993, when the latter dissolved.[64] MBUSD formed in 1993.[63]

Media

Manhattan Beach is served by Easy Reader-Manhattan Beach, Beach Magazine, the Daily Breeze, the Los Angeles Times, and the Beach Reporter.

Filming locations

Other

  • Manhattan Beach is mentioned in the song "Surfin' U.S.A." by the Beach Boys. Group members were from the adjacent city of Hawthorne.
  • The Manhattan Beach Open volleyball tournament in Manhattan Beach is known as "The Championships, Wimbledon of Beach Volleyball." The names of the tournament champions are inscribed in plaques along Manhattan Beach Pier. This event usually takes place in August and airs on national TV.

Notable people

See: List of people from Manhattan Beach, California

Public transportation

Manhattan Beach is served by Beach Cities Transit. The Douglas and Redondo Beach C Line stations are nearby, though outside the city.

Historically, Manhattan Beach was served by the Pacific Electric streetcar system.[66]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "City Treasurer". City of Manhattan Beach. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  3. ^ "City Council". City of Manhattan Beach. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
  4. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  5. ^ "Manhattan Beach". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c "Manhattan Beach (city) QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
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  9. ^ Greene, Sean; Curwen, Thomas (May 9, 2019). "Mapping the Tongva villages of L.A.'s past". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  10. ^ "The History of Manhattan Beach". November 8, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  11. ^ a b Judson Grenier. "Capsule History of Manhattan Beach, 1912 - 1975". Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  12. ^ "Manhattan Beach Dons New Municipal Togs". The Los Angeles Times. November 27, 1912. p. 26.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Colored People's Resort Meets with Opposition". The Los Angeles Times. June 27, 1912. p. 16.
  14. ^ Masters, Nathan (December 13, 2012). "Manhattan Beach: The City Built on Sand Dunes Celebrates Its Centennial". KCET. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  15. ^ a b "Bruce's Beach Fights Condemnation". California Eagle. December 26, 1924. p. 1.
  16. ^ "Resort Was an Oasis for Blacks Until Racism Drove Them Out". Los Angeles Times. July 21, 2002. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  17. ^ "Attempt Made to Force Sale of Cal. Beach". The New Era (Omaha, Nebraska). January 16, 1925. p. 1.
  18. ^ Xia, Rosanna (September 30, 2021). "Bruce's Beach can return to descendants of Black family in landmark move signed by Newsom". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  19. ^ "Bruces Beach, espropriata alla famiglia afroamericana, torna agli eredi 109 anni dopo". La Nazione (in Italian). October 3, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  20. ^ a b Bailey, Chris (February 20, 2009). "Where's the beach? Seeking the origins of Waikiki sand". Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  21. ^ Romano, Aja (October 30, 2016). "The history of Satanic Panic in the US — and why it's not over yet". Vox. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  22. ^ "Indictment: The McMartin Trial".
  23. ^ a b Jackson, Mick (Director} (1995). Indictment: The McMartin Trial (docudrama). HBO.
  24. ^ a b Indictment: The McMartin Trial at IMDb Edit this at Wikidata
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  26. ^ Reppucci, George M. "Manhattan Beach California: Width determination from a century of images"; Shore and Beach, Vol 80, No.4, Fall 2012.
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  29. ^ Molly Hennessy-Freske (February 5, 2008). "Manhattan Beach draws line in sand on mansions". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  30. ^ "Directory/Map". North Manhattan Beach California. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  31. ^ The Point Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  32. ^ Plaza El Segundo Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  33. ^ "Manhattan Beach Medical Office - Kaiser Permanente".
  34. ^ "Manhattan Beach Studios". Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
  35. ^ "Northrop Grumman Space Technology". Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
  36. ^ "'Avatar' sequels to be filmed at Manhattan Beach studio". Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  37. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
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33°53′20″N 118°24′19″W / 33.88889°N 118.40528°W / 33.88889; -118.40528

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach,_CA