Unconventional myosin-Va is a motor protein in charge of the intracellular transport of vesicles, organelles and protein complexes along the actin filaments.[5][6][7] In humans it is coded for by the MYO5Agene.[8][9][10]
Structure
In the presence of cargo adapters and calcium, unconventional myosin Va is present in an elongated and active state. It has an N-terminal head domain and a C-terminal tail domain. The actin-binding head (N-Terminal) is an ATP-dependent motor domain that transmits changes from the active site to the light chain lever arm. The C-terminal globular domain (GB) decides the Myosin class and moderate the cargo transport. Also, the GB interacts with other cargo specific proteins. Myosin Va is highly expressed in neurons and melanocytes.[5][6]
Defects in Myosin Va are associated with Griscelli syndrome type 1, also known as Elejalde syndrome a rare autosomal recessive disorder. This defect is due a mutation in which a premature stop codon in the globular tail disrupt melanosome transport producing partial albinism.[5] Griscelli syndrome type 1 can present with pigment defects and neurological disorders such as, hypotonia, motor development delay and mental impairment.[16]
Myosin Va is highly expressed in the nervous system and it is present in almost the entire brain. MY5A perform an important role in the regulation of axonal vesicle transport on the neurofilaments.[16] The GB of MYO5A can form a complex with Rab3A. The involvement of this complex is important for the synaptic vesicles (SVs) trafficking of neurotransmitters and the dynamics of the SVs on the actin filaments.[6] The absence of MYO5A in the brain can be associated with loco motor dysfunction and neuroendocrine abnormalities. As mention MYO5A is highly expressed on the neurons. Therefore, a mutation on MYO5A can be related with abnormal neuronal development and the progression of neurodegeneration.[16]
MYO5A and MYO5B are involved with Kv1.5 (encoded by Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5, KCNA5) in the myocytes. Kv1.5 is associated with the regulation of the action potential in the myocytes. New strategies targeting Kv1.5 current through MYO5A and MYO5B in human atrial fibrillation (AF) are being studied.[7]
^Puthalakath H, Villunger A, O'Reilly LA, Beaumont JG, Coultas L, Cheney RE, Huang DC, Strasser A (Sep 2001). "Bmf: a proapoptotic BH3-only protein regulated by interaction with the myosin V actin motor complex, activated by anoikis". Science. 293 (5536): 1829–32. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1829P. doi:10.1126/science.1062257. PMID11546872. S2CID5638023.
Pastural E, Barrat FJ, Dufourcq-Lagelouse R, Certain S, Sanal O, Jabado N, Seger R, Griscelli C, Fischer A, de Saint Basile G (Jul 1997). "Griscelli disease maps to chromosome 15q21 and is associated with mutations in the myosin-Va gene". Nature Genetics. 16 (3): 289–92. doi:10.1038/ng0797-289. PMID9207796. S2CID21815627.
Pastural E, Ersoy F, Yalman N, Wulffraat N, Grillo E, Ozkinay F, Tezcan I, Gediköglu G, Philippe N, Fischer A, de Saint Basile G (Feb 2000). "Two genes are responsible for Griscelli syndrome at the same 15q21 locus". Genomics. 63 (3): 299–306. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.6081. PMID10704277.
