List of wars involving Armenia
| History of Armenia |
|---|
 |
| Timeline • Origins • Etymology |
This is a list of wars involving Armenia and its predecessor states. The list gives the name, the date, the combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
- Armenian victory
- Defeat
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result,
status quo ante Bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive) - Ongoing conflict
Kingdom of Armenia (331 BC–428 AD)
Kingdom of Armenia (331 BC–428 AD)
| Conflict | Armenian side (and allies) | Opponent | Results | Notable battles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campaigns of Artaxias I (189–165 BCE) |
 Kingdom of ArmeniaKingdom of Sophene |
 AtropateneKingdom of Cataonia  Kingdom of PontusLesser Armenia  Kingdom of Iberia
|
Victory
|
|
| Seleucid-Armenian War (168–165 BCE)[citation needed] |
Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene |
Seleucid Empire | Victory
|
|
| Armenian-Iberian War (168–165 BCE)[1][failed verification][2] |
Kingdom of Armenia
|
Kingdom of Iberia Kingdom of Alania |
Compromise[citation needed]
|
|
| Armenia invaded by Parthian Empire (120–100 BCE?) |
Kingdom of Armenia
|
 Parthian Empire Atropatene
|
Defeat
|
|
| Military campaigns of Tigranes the Great (95–78 BCE) |
Kingdom of Armenia
|
Atropatene
|
Victory
|
|
| Third Mithridatic War (73–66 BC)[citation needed] |
Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Pontus
|
 Roman Republic
|
Defeat |
|
| Iberian–Armenian War (50–53 AD) |
 Kingdom of Armenia
|
Kingdom of Iberia
|
Victory
|
|
| Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 | Kingdom of Armenia Parthian Empire
|
 Roman EmpireSophene Lesser Armenia  Kingdom of IberiaCommagene  Kingdom of Pontus
|
Victory
|
|
| Ardashir I invasion of Armenia (226–238)[citation needed] |
Kingdom of Armenia
|
 Sasanian Empire
|
Victory
|
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258, 1261–1517)
| Conflict | Armenian side (and allies) | Opponent | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Battle of Vardanakert (702 - 703) | Arminiya |  Umayyad Caliphate
|
Victory
|
| Battle of Bagrevand (25 April 775) | Armenian princes | Abbasid Caliphate | Defeat
|
| Battle of Karasounk (863) | Armenian prince | Abbasid Caliphate | Victory
|
| Battle of Sevan (921) (part of Arab–Byzantine wars) | Bagratid Armenia | Sajid dynasty | Victory
|
Armenian Principality of Cilicia (1080–1198) and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198–1375)
- Armenian Principality of Cilicia (1080–1198)
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198–1375)
Safavid dynasty (1501 - 1736)
| Conflict | Armenian side (and allies) | Opponent | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Battle of Yeghevārd (19 June 1735) (part of Caucasus Campaign and Campaigns of Nader Shah) | Safavid Iran | Ottoman Empire | Persian victory |
Qajar Iran (1789–1925)
| Conflict | Armenian side (and allies) | Opponent | Result | Notable battles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) | Qajar Iran | Russian Empire |
|
|
| Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) |
|
Capture of Erivan (1 October 1827) - Russian victory |
Ottoman Armenia
| Conflict | Armenian side (and allies) | Result | Notable battles |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) | Ottoman Empire | Russian victory | Battle of Arpachai (18 June 1807) - Russian victory |
Armenian national–liberation movement (18th century–1918)
| Conflict | Armenian side (and allies) | Opponent | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Persian Campaign (1914-1918) |
 Russian Empire (1914-1917)
|
 Ottoman Empire  Qajar Iran
|
Victory
|
First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
| Conflict | Armenian side (and allies) | Opponent | Results | Notable battles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasus Campaign (World War I) (1918) |
 Armenian National Council
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Armistice
|
|
| Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920) |
First Republic of Armenia
|
 Azerbaijan
|
Indecisive
|
|
| Georgian–Armenian War (1918) |
First Republic of Armenia
|
 Georgia
|
Inconclusive
|
|
| Turkish–Armenian War/Soviet invasion of Armenia (1920) |
First Republic of Armenia
|
Turkey Russian SFSR
|
Defeat
|
|
Soviet Social Republic of Armenia (1920–1991)
| Conflict | Armenian side (and allies) | Opponent | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| World War II (1939–1945) |
 Soviet Union
|
 Germany
|
Victory
|
Republic of Armenia (1991– present day)
| Conflict | Armenian side (and allies) | Opponent | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994) |
Foreign groups:
|
Foreign groups: |
Victory Armenian victory[23]
|
| 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict[citation needed] |  Artsakh Armenia
|
 Azerbaijan
|
Inconclusive Inconclusive (see aftermath) |
| Second Nagorno-Karabakh war (2020) |
Artsakh Armenia
|
Azerbaijan Turkey (alleged by Armenia)[32][33][34] Syrian mercenaries[d][38][39]
|
Defeat Azerbaijani victory[40][41]
|
See also
- List of conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan
- List of wars involving Azerbaijan
- List of wars involving Georgia (country)
- List of wars involving Russia
- Military history of Armenia
- Syunik rebellion
Notes
- ^ Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) until 1991.
- ^ Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Armenia) until 1990 (renamed Republic of Armenia)/1991 (declared independence).
- ^ Soviet authorities generally sided with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh.[10] Soviet troops were present in Nagorno-Karabakh for 2+1⁄2 years and supported Azerbaijani militias.[11] Soviet troops directly intervened during Operation Ring in April–May 1991 on the Azerbaijani side.[12][13]
- ^ Denied by Azerbaijan[35][36] and Turkey.[37]
References
- ^ Moses, of Khoren, activeth century (1978). History of the Armenians. Robert W. Thomson. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 185–187, 193–196. ISBN 0-674-39571-9. OCLC 3168093.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ The Georgian chronicles of Kʻartʻlis Cʻxovreba (A History of Georgia) : translated and with commentary. Stephen Jones, Roin Metreveli, Sakʿartʿvelos mecʿnierebatʿa akademia. Komissii︠a︡ po istochnikam istorii Gruzii. Tʻbilisi. 2014. pp. 31–34. ISBN 978-9941-445-52-1. OCLC 883445390.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Garsoian, Nina (2005). "Tigran II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ^ McGing, B. C. (1986). The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. Brill. p. 166.
- ^ Patterson, Lee E. (2015). "Antony and Armenia". TAPA. 145 (1 (Spring)). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 77.
- ^ Edwell, Peter (2021). Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193–363 CE. Routledge. p. 11.
- ^ "В карабахском селе открылся памятник погибшим в войне кубанским казакам [A monument to the Kuban Cossacks who died in the war was opened in the Karabakh village]" (in Russian). REGNUM News Agency. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020.
- ^ According to Leonid Tibilov, President of South Ossetia in 2012-17. "Леонид Тибилов поздравил Бако Саакяна с 25-й годовщиной образования Нагорно-Карабахской Республики [Leonid Tibilov congratulated Bako Sahakyan on the 25th anniversary of the formation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]". presidentruo.org (in Russian). President of the Republic of South Ossetia. 2 September 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020.
В борьбе за свободу и независимость на помощь народу Арцаха пришли и волонтеры из Южной Осетии. Они скрепили нашу дружбу своей праведной кровью, пролитой на вашей благословенной земле. Мы высоко ценим, что вами увековечены их имена в памятниках, названиях улиц и учебных заведений ряда населенных пунктов Вашей республики.
- ^ a b Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 1994. ISBN 1-56432-142-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2020. p. xiii "Slavic mercenaries also take part in the fighting. The Slavs on both sides ..."; p. 106 "Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian mercenaries or rogue units of the Soviet/Russian Army have fought on both sides."
- ^ Panossian 2002, p. 145: "Until the dissolution of the USSR, the Soviet authorities sided, in general, with Azerbaijan. ... Soviet troops sent to the conflict area ... on numerous occasions, took the side of the Azerbaijani forces to 'punish' the Armenians for raising the NK issue."
- ^ Shogren, Elizabeth (21 September 1990). "Armenians Wage Hunger Strike in Regional Dispute: Soviet Union: Five threaten to starve themselves to death unless Moscow ends military rule in Azerbaijan enclave". Los Angeles Times.
Soviet troops have been in Nagorno-Karabakh for 2+1⁄2 years ... The troops support armed Azerbaijani militias who have imposed a blockade of the region ...
- ^ Cornell 1999, p. 26: "Sporadic clashes became frequent by the first months of 1991, with an ever-increasing organization of paramilitary forces on the Armenian side, whereas Azerbaijan still relied on the support of Moscow. ... In response to this development, a joint Soviet and Azerbaijani military and police operation directed from Moscow was initiated in these areas during the Spring and Summer of 1991.".
- ^ Papazian 2008, p. 25: "units of the 4th army stationed in Azerbaijan and Azeri OMONs were used in 'Operation Ring', to empty a number of Armenian villages in Nagorno-Karabakh in April 1991.".
- ^ "AFGHAN FIGHTERS AIDING AZERBAIJAN IN CIVIL WAR". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21.
- ^ Taarnby 2008, p. 6.
- ^ Brzezinski & Sullivan 1997, p. 616: "It is also revealed that a new force of 200 armed members of the Grey Wolves organization has been dispatched from Turkey in preparation for a new Azeri offensive and to train units of the Azeri army."
- ^ Griffin, Nicholas (2004). Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0-226-30859-6.
- ^ "Украинские националисты УНАО-УНСО признали, что воевали на стороне Азербайджана в Карабахе". panorama.am (in Russian). 17 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017.
- ^ ""В случае войны мы окажем баку посильную помощь"". euraspravda.ru (in Russian). 5 March 2014.
- ^ ""В случае войны мы окажем Баку посильную помощь"". Minval.az (in Russian).
- ^ "Турецкие националисты намерены участвовать в новой карабахской войне" [Turkish nationalists intend to participate in a new Karabakh war]. REGNUM (in Russian). 14 July 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ Demoyan 2006, p. 226: "Turkey continued to provide military as well as economic aid to Azerbaijan. As further proof, the Turkish army and intelligence services launched undercover operations to supply Azerbaijan with arms and military personnel. According to Turkish sources, over 350 high-ranking officers and thousands of volunteers from Turkey participated in the warfare on the Azerbaijani side.".
- ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Armenia". Refworld. Minority Rights Group International. 2007. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
The war ended at Ceasefire Agreement in 1994, with the Armenians of Karabakh (supported by Armenia) taking control not only of Nagorny Karabakh itself but also occupying in whole or in part seven regions of Azerbaijan surrounding the former NKAO.
- ^ Trenin 2011, p. 67: "Armenia is de facto united with Nagorno-Karabakh, an unrecognized state, in a single entity.".
- ^ Mulcaire, Jack (9 April 2015). "Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
The mostly Armenian population of the disputed region now lives under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a micronation that is supported by Armenia and is effectively part of that country.
- ^ Cornell 2011, p. 135: "Following the war, the territories that fell under Armenian control, in particular Mountainous Karabakh itself, were slowly integrated into Armenia.".
- ^ "The Nagorny Karabakh Conflict: Defaulting to War". chathamhouse.org. Chatham House. 11 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
Azerbaijan presents its operations of 2–5 April 2016 as a tactical victory and psychological breakthrough.
- ^ Jardine, Bradley (April 2, 2018). "Armenians and Azerbaijanis commemorate two years since breakout of "April War"". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
President Ilham Aliyev, for his part, posted an image on Instagram of himself wearing military fatigues with the caption, "The April War was our glorious historical victory."
- ^ "President Serzh Sargsyan invited a meeting of the National Security Council". president.am. Office to the President of Armenia. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
....It was noted that during the military actions unleashed by Azerbaijan, the RA Armed Forces fulfilled their task. The NKR Defence Army was victorious in thwarting Azerbaijani aggression and frustrating its plans.
- ^ Aslanian, Karlen; Movsisian, Hovannes (April 5, 2016). "Azeri Offensive In Karabakh Failed, Says Sarkisian". azatutyun.am. RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ Simão, Licínia (June 2016), The Nagorno-Karabakh redux (PDF), European Union Institute for Security Studies, p. 2, doi:10.2815/58373, ISBN 9789291984022, ISSN 2315-1129, archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2018, retrieved 31 March 2018,
For the first time since the 1990s, Azerbaijani forces managed to regain control of small parts of the territory surrounding Karabakh – the first time the Line of Contact has shifted. Although these changes do not significantly alter the parties' military predicament on the ground...
- ^ "Принуждение к конфликту" [Coercion to conflict]. Kommersant (in Russian). 16 October 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (29 January 2021). "Armenia and Azerbaijan: What Sparked War and Will Peace Prevail?". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
Armenia has said that Turkey was directly involved in the fighting in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, and that a Turkish F-16 fighter shot down an Armenian jet. Turkey denied those accusations.
- ^ Tsvetkova, Maria; Auyezov, Olzhas (9 November 2020). "Analysis: Russia and Turkey keep powder dry in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
Turkey's support for Azerbaijan has been vital, and Azerbaijan's superior weaponry and battlefield advances have reduced its incentive to reach a lasting peace deal. Ankara denies its troops are involved in fighting but Aliyev has acknowledged some Turkish F-16 fighter jets remained in Azerbaijan after a military drill this summer, and there are reports of Russian and Turkish drones being used by both sides.
- ^ "Azerbaijan denies Turkey sent it fighters from Syria". 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh: Azerbaijan accuses Armenia of rocket attack". The Guardian. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ "Türkiye'nin Dağlık Karabağ'a paralı asker gönderdiği iddiası" (in Turkish). Deutsche Welle. 29 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ Ed Butler (10 December 2020). "The Syrian mercenaries used as 'cannon fodder' in Nagorno-Karabakh". BBC. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
Although Azerbaijan and its ally Turkey deny the use of mercenaries, researchers have amassed a considerable amount of photographic evidence, drawn from videos and photographs the fighters have posted online, which tells a different story.
- ^ Cookman, Liz (5 October 2020). "Syrians Make Up Turkey's Proxy Army in Nagorno-Karabakh". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
According to sources within the Syrian National Army (SNA), the umbrella term for a group of opposition militias backed by Turkey, around 1,500 Syrians have so far been deployed to the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region in the southern Caucasus ... Shortly after conflict erupted between Armenia and Azerbaijan, Turkey sought to mobilize the SNA, sometimes called Turkey's proxy army ... The first fighters were transferred in late September to southern Turkey and then flown from Gaziantep to Ankara, before being transferred to Azerbaijan on Sept. 25.
- ^ "'One nation, two states' on display as Erdogan visits Azerbaijan for Karabakh victory parade". France24. 10 December 2020.
Azerbaijan's historic win was an important geopolitical coup for Erdogan who has cemented Turkey's leading role as a powerbroker in the ex-Soviet Caucasus region.
- ^ "Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia sign Nagorno-Karabakh peace deal". BBC. 10 November 2020.
The BBC's Orla Guerin in Baku says that, overall, the deal should be read as a victory for Azerbaijan and a defeat for Armenia.
Sources
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Sullivan, Paige, eds. (1997). Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis. Washington, D.C.: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 9781563246371.
- Cornell, Svante E. (1999). "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" (PDF). Report no. 46, Department of East European Studies. Uppsala University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2011.
- Cornell, Svante E. (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-3004-9.
- Demoyan, Hayk (2006). "Turkey and the Karabakh Conflict: Summary". Турция и Карабахский конфликт в конце XX – начале XXI веков. Историко-сравнительный анализ [Turkey and the Karabakh Conflict in the 1990s: a Comparative Historical Analysis] (PDF) (in Russian and English). Yerevan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Panossian, Razmik (2002). "The Irony of Nagorno-Karabakh: Formal Institutions versus Informal Politics". In Hughes, James; Sasse, Gwendolyn (eds.). Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 9781136342042.
- Papazian, Taline (2008). "State at War, State in War: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and State-Making in Armenia, 1991–1995". The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies (8): 25. doi:10.4000/pipss.1623. ISSN 1769-7069.
.
- Taarnby, Michael (2008). The Mujahedin in Nagorno-Karabakh: A Case Study in the Evolution of Global Jihad. Real Instituto Elcano. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
- Trenin, Dmitri V. (2011). Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story (PDF). Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 9780870033452. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2022.
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