List of placoderm genera

This list of placoderms is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera from the fossil record that have ever been considered to be members of the class Placodermi. This list excludes purely vernacular terms. It includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomina dubia), or were not formally published (nomina nuda), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered placoderms. The modern descendants of placoderms, the bony and cartilaginous fishes, and their extinct descendants, the Acanthodii (without cartilaginous fishes), are not included here.

This list includes 334 generic names.

Naming conventions and terminology

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

List of genera

Genus	Authors	Year	Status	Notes
Acanthaspis^[1]	Newberry	1875	Valid	Preoccupied by hemiptere genus Acanthaspis Amyot & Serville, 1843, valid species synonymized with Kujdanowiaspis
Acantholepis^[1]	Krøyer	1846	Valid.
Acantholepis	Newberry	1875	Preocc.	Preoccupied by Acantholepis Krøyer, 1846
Actinolepis^[1]	Agassiz	1845	Valid.
Aethaspis^[1]	Denison	1958	Valid.
Africanaspis	Long Anderson Gess Hiller	1997	Valid.
Aggeraspis^[1]	Gross	1962	Valid.
Ailuracantha^[1]	White	1969	Valid.
Aleosteus^[1]	Johnson Elliott Wittke	2000	Valid.
Anarthraspis^[1]	Bryant	1934	Valid.
Angarichthys^[1]	Obruchev	1927	Valid.
Antarctaspis^[1]	White	1968	Valid.
Antarctolepis	White	1968	Valid.
Antineosteus	Lelièvre	1984	Valid.
Arctaspis^[1]	Heintz	1929	Valid.
Arctolepis^[1]	Eastman	1908	Valid.
Arctonema	Orvig	1969	Valid.
Arenipiscis	Young	1981	Valid.
Asiacanthus^[1]	Liu	1948	Valid.	Placodermi incertae sedis
Aspidichthys	Newberry	1873	Valid.	Arthrodire incertae sedis
Asterolepis	Eichwald	1840	Valid.
Asterosteus	Newberry	1875	Valid.
Atlantidosteus	Lelièvre	1984	Valid.
Austrophyllolepis^[1]	Long	1984	Valid.
Austroptyctodus^[1]	Lelièvre	1984	Valid.
Baringaspis^[1]	Miles	1973	Valid.
Batteraspis^[1]	Pageau	1969	Valid.
Belemnacanthus	Eastman	1898	Valid.
Belgiosteus^[1]	Lehman	1973	Valid.
Belosteus	Jaekel	1927	Valid.
Bimbianga^[2]	Young	2005	Valid.
Bolivosteus	Goujet Janvier Suarez-Riglos	1985	Valid.
Bollandaspis^[1]	Schultze	1976	Valid.
Boomeraspis^[1]	Long	1995	Valid.
Bothriolepis^[3]	Eichwald	1840	Valid.
Brachydeirus	Koenen	1880	Valid.
Brachygnathus^[1]	Agassiz	1844	Valid.
Brachygnathus	Hussakof	1909	Preocc.	Preoccupied by placoderm genus Brachygnathus Agassiz, 1844
Brachyosteus	Jaekel	1927	Valid.
Braunosteus	Stensiö	1959	Valid.
Breizosteus	Goujet	1980	Valid.
Brindabellaspis	Young	1980	Valid.
Brontichthys^[1]	Claypole	1894	Invalid.	Junior synonym of Titanichthys
Bruntonichthys	Dennis Miles	1980	Valid.
Bryantaspis^[1]	White Moy-Thomas	1940	Valid.	Replacement name for Cryptaspis Bryant, 1934
Bryantolepis^[1]	Denison	1958	Valid.
Buchanosteus	Stensiö	1945	Valid.
Bullerichthys	Dennis Miles	1980	Valid.
Bungartius	Dunkle	1947	Valid.
Burrinjucosteus			Valid.
Callognathus	Newberry	1890	Valid.
Campbellodus	Miles Young	1977	Valid.
Camuropiscis	Dennis Miles	1979	Valid.
Carolowilhelmina	Mark-Kurik Carls	2002	Valid.
Cartieraspis^[1]	Pageau	1969	Valid.
Cathlesichthys^[1]	Young	2004	Valid.
Ceraspis	Schultze	1887	Preocc.	Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Ceraspis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825
Ceratolepichthys	Whitley	1940	Valid.	Replacement name for Ceratolepis Gross, 1933
Ceratolepis	Gross	1933	Preocc.	Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Ceratolepis Chapuis, 1873
Changyonophyton^[1]			Valid.
Cheliophorus^[1]			Lapsus calami.	Misspelling of Chelyophorus
Chelyophorus	Agassiz	1844	Valid.
Chuchinolepis	Chang	1978	Valid.
Clarkeosteus^[1]	Obruchev	1964	Valid.
Cobandrahlepis^[1]	Young	2005	Valid.
Coccosteus^[1]	Miller	1841	Valid.
Coelosteichthys^[1]	Whitley	1940	Valid.	Replacement name for Coelosteus Gross, 1930
Coelosteus	Gross	1930	Preocc.	Preoccupied by fish genus Coelosteus Newberry, 1887
Compagopiscis	Gardiner & Miles	1994	Valid.
Companognathus			Valid.
Cosmacanthus	Agassiz	1845	Valid.
Cryptaspidisca	Strand	1942	Syn.	Replacement name for Cryptaspis Bryant, 1934
Cryptaspis	Bryant	1934	Preocc.	Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Cryptaspis Pascoe, 1842
Ctenurella	Orvig	1960	Valid.
Cyrtosteus	Gross	1932	Valid.
Deinodus^[1]	Hussakof Bryant	1919	Valid.
Deirosteus	Wells	1942	Valid.
Denisonodus	Johnson Elliott	1996	Valid.
Desmoporella	Orvig	1971	Valid.
Destnoporella^[1]			Valid.
Deveonema	Kulczycki	1957	Valid.
Dhanguura^[1]	Young	2004	Valid.
Diandongpetalichthys	Pan Wang	1978	Valid.
Diadsomaspis^[1]	Gross	1937	Valid.
Dicksonosteus^[1]	Goujet	1975	Valid.
Dinichthys	Newberry	1873	Originally regarded as a synonym for Dunkleosteus, now according to Carr and Hlavin 2010, it is a distinct genus.^[4]
Dinomylostoma	Eastman	1906	Valid.
Diplognathus	Newberry	1878	Valid.
Dobrowlania	Stensiö	1944	Valid.
Dunkleosteus	Lehman	1956	Valid.
Eastmanosteus	Obruchev	1964	Valid.
Eczematolepis	Miller	1892	Valid.	Replacement name for Acantholepis Newberry, 1875
Eldenosteus	Miles	1964	Valid.
Elegantaspis^[1]	Heintz	1929	Valid.
Ellopetalichthys	Ørvig	1957	Valid.
Enseosteus	Jaekel	1919	Valid.
Entelognathus	Zhu et al	2013	Valid.	Placodermi incertae sedis
Epipetalichthys	Stensiö	1925	Valid.
Erikaspis	Dupret Goujet Mark-Kurik	2007	Valid.
Errolosteus	Young	1981	Valid.
Erromenosteus	Jaekel	1919	Valid.
Eskimaspis	Dineley Liu Yuhai	1984	Valid.
Euleptaspis^[1]	White Moy-Thomas	1940	Valid.
Euptychaspis	White Moy-Thomas	1941	Preocc.	Replacement name for Ptychaspis Bryant, 1935. Preoccupied by trilobite genus Euptychaspis Ulrich, 1931
Euryaspidichthys^[1]	Whitley	1950	Valid.	Replacement name for Euryaspis Bryant, 1932
Euraspis^[1]	Liu	1991	Valid.
Euryaspis	Bryant	1932	Preocc.	Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Euryaspis Blanchard, 1851
Eurycaraspis	Li	1991	Valid.
Fallacosteus	Long	1990	Valid.
Gaspeaspis^[1]	Pageau	1969	Valid.
Gavinaspis^[5]	Dupret Zhu	2008	Valid.
Gemuendenaspis	Miles	1962	Valid.
Gemuendina	Traquair	1903	Valid.
Glyptaspis	Newberry	1890	Valid.
Golshanichthys^[6]	Lelièvre Janvier Goujet	1981	Valid.
Goniosteus	Gross	1933	Valid.
Goodradigbeeon	White	1978	Valid.
Gorgonichthys	Claypole	1892	Valid.
Grazosteus	Gross	1958	Valid.	Arthrodire incertae sedis, known only from a medial dorsal plate with a pair of prominent, posterior-pointing prongs.
Groenlandaspis	Heintz	1932	Valid.
Grossaspis	White Moy-Thomas	1940	Valid.	Replacement name for Ceraspis Schlueter, 1887
Grossilepis^[7]	Stensiö	1949	Valid.
Grossosteus^[1]	White Moy-Thomas	1940	Valid.	Replacement name for Coelosteus Gross, 1930
Gymnotrachelus	Dunkle Bungart	1939	Valid.
Gyracanthus^[1]	Agassiz	1835	Valid.
Gyroplacosteus	Obruschev	1930	Valid.
Hadrosteus	Gross	1932	Valid.
Harrytoombsia	Miles Dennis	1979	Valid.
Heintzaspis	Strand	1932	Valid.	Replacement name for Acanthapsis Newberry, 1975
Heintzichthys	Whitley	1933	Valid.	Replacement name for Stenognathus Newberry, 1898
Heightingtonaspis^[1]	White	1969	Valid.
Heintzosteus^[1]	Goujet	1984	Valid.
Heterogaspis^[1]	Strand	1932	Valid.
Heterosteus	Asmuss	1856	Valid.
Heteroyunnanolepis	Wang	1944	Valid.
Holdenius	Dunkle Bungart	1942	Valid.
Hollardosteus	Lehman	1956	Valid.
Holonema	Newberry	1890	Valid.
Homosteus^[1]	Asmuss	1856	Valid.
Huginaspis^[1]	Heintz	1929	Valid.
Hussakofia	Cossmann	1910	Valid.	Replacement name for Brachygnathus Hussakof, 1909
Hybosteus^[1]	Gross	1933	Valid.	Replacement name for Coelosteus Gross, 1930
Incisoscutum	Dennis Miles	1981	Valid.
Jagorina	Jaekel	1921	Valid.
Jaekelaspis^[1]	Heintz	1929	Valid.
Janiosteus^[6]	Ivanov	1988	Valid.
Jerulalepis^[1]	Burrow	1996	Valid.
Jiangxilepis			Valid.
Jiuchengia^[1]			Valid.
Kendrichthys			Valid.
Kiangyousteus			Valid.
Kiangyosteus^[1]			Valid.
Kimaspis	Mark-Kurik	1973	Valid.
Kimberia	Dennis-Bryan Miles	1983	Preocc.	Preoccupied by mollusc genus Kimberia Cotton & Woods, 1935
Kimberleyichthyes	Dennis-Bryan Miles	1983	Valid.	Replacement name for genus Kimberia Dennis-Bryan & Miles, 1983
Kolpaspis^[1]	Pageau	1969	Valid.
Kolymaspis	Bystrow	1956	Valid.
Kosoraspis	Gross	1959	Valid.
Kueichowlepis^[1]	P'an Wang	1975	Valid.
Kujdanowiaspis^[1]	Stensiö	1942	Valid.
Kweichowlepis			Valid.
Lataspis^[1]	Strand	1932	Valid.	Replacement name for Plataspis Heintz 1929
Latocamurus	Long	1988	Valid.
Lanrentaspis	Pageau	1969	Valid.
Laurentaspis			Lapsus Calami.
Lepadolepis	White Moy-Thomas	1940	Valid.	Replacement name for Ceratolepis Gross, 1933
Lehmanosteus^[1]	Goujet	1984	Valid.
Leptosteus	Jaekel	1919	Valid.
Liognathus^[1]	Agassiz	1846	Valid.
Liognathus^[1]	Newberry	1873	Preocc.	Preoccupied by fish genus Liognathus Agassiz, 1846
Lispognathus^[1]	Miller	1892	Valid.	Replacement name for Liognathus Newberry, 1873
Litilpetalichthyes			Valid.
Liujiangolepis	Wang	1987	Valid.
Livosteus^[1]	Obruchev	1962	Valid.
Lophostracon^[1]	Lankester	1884	Valid.
Luetkeichthys^[1]	Bystrow	1957	Valid.
Lunaspis	Broili	1929	Valid.
Lyhoalepis^[8]	Tong-Dzuy Janvier Doan-Nhat	1994	Valid.
Machaerognathus	Hussakof Bryant	1919	Valid.
Macropetalichthys	Norwood Owen	1846	Valid.
Macropetalichthys	Broili	1933	Preocc.	Preoccupied by fish genus Macropetalichthys Norwood & Owen, 1846
Maideria^[1]	Lelièvre	1995	Valid.
Malerosteus	Kulczycki	1957	Valid.
Materpiscis^[9]	Long Trinajstic Young Senden	2008	Valid.
Mcnamaraspis	Long	1995	Valid.
Mediaspis^[1]	Heintz	1929	Valid.
Megaloplax	Obruchev	1933	Valid.
Melanosteus	Lelièvre Goujet	1987	Valid.
Microbrachius	Traquair	1888	Valid.
Microsteus	Gross	1932	Valid.
Millerosteus^[1]	Stensiö	1959	Valid.
Mithakaspis	Young Goujet	2003	Valid.
Mizia	Zhu	1996	Valid.
Monaspis^[1]	Heintz	1929	Valid.
Murmur	Whitley	1951	Valid.	Replacement name for Euptychaspis White & Moy-Thomas 1941
Murrindalaspis	Long	1984	Valid.
Mylostoma	Newberry	1883	Valid.
Neopetalichthys	Liu	1973	Valid.
Neophlyctaenius^[1]	Denison	1950	Valid.
Nessariostoma	Broili	1933	Valid.
Notopetalichthys	Woodward	1941	Valid.
Oestophorus	Miller	1892	Valid.	Replacement name for Spenophorus Newberry, 1890
Ohioaspis	Wells	1944	Valid.
Ohiodorulites	Whitley	1933	Valid.	Replacement name for Acanthapsis Newberry, 1975
Omalosteus^[10]	Zakharenko	2006	Valid.
Operchaliosteus			Valid.
Operchallosteus^[1]	Kulczycki	1957	Valid.
Oracanthus^[1]	Agassiz	1837	Valid.
Ottanosteus^[1]			Valid.
Overtonaspis	White	1961	Valid.
Oxyosteus	Jaekel	1911	Valid.
Pachyosteus	Jaekel	1903	Valid.
Pageauaspis^[1]	Denison	1978	Valid.	Replacement name for Quebecaspis Pageau, 1969
Palaeacanthaspis	Brotzen	1934	Valid.
Palaeomylus	Woodward	1891	Valid.
Panxiosteus	Wang	1979	Valid.
Parabelosteus			Valid.
Parabuchanosteus	White Toombs	1972	Valid.
Paramylostoma	Dunkle Bungart	1945	Valid.
Parapetalichthys^[1]	Kuhn	1949	Valid.	Replacement name for Macropetalichthys Broili, 1933
Paraplesiobatis	Broili	1933	Valid.
Paraptyctodus^[1]			Valid.
Parawalterosteus^[1]	Stensiö	1963	Valid.
Pelycophorus^[1]			Valid.
Phlyctaenacanthus^[1]	Eastman	1898	Valid.
Phlyctaenaspis^[1]	Traquair	1890	Valid.	Replacement name for Phlyctaenius Traquair, 1890
Phlyctaenius^[1]	Traquair	1890	Preocc.	nec Phlyctaenium Zittel 1879
Pholidosteus	Jaekel	1907	Valid.
Phyllolepis^[1]	Agassiz	1844	Valid.
Phymolepis	Chang	1978	Valid.
Phymosteus^[1]	Wang Zhu	2004	Valid.
Pinguosteus	Long	1990	Valid.
Placolepis^[1]	Ritchie	1984	Valid.
Plataspis^[1]	Heintz	1929	Preocc.	Preoccupied by hemiptere genus Plataspis Hope, 1837
Platyaspis	Koenen	1896	Valid.
Plourdosteus	Ørvig	1951	Valid.
Ponerichthys^[1]	Miller	1892	Invalid, declared a junior synonym of Dunkleosteus.
Prescottaspis			Valid.
Proaethaspis^[1]	Denison	1978	Valid.
Procondylolepis^[11]	Zhang	1984	Valid.
Prosphymaspis^[1]	Gross	1937	Valid.
Protitanichthys^[1]			Valid.
Pseudopetalichthys	Moy-Thomas	1939	Valid.
Pterichthyodes	Bleeker	1859	Valid.
Ptychaspis	Bryant	1935	Preocc.	Preoccupied by trilobite genus Ptychaspis Hall, 1863
Ptyctodopsis	Denison	1985	Valid.
Ptyctodus	Pander	1858	Valid.
Qataraspis	White	1969	Valid.
Quasipetalichthys	Liu	1973	Valid.
Quebecaspis^[1]	Pageau	1969	Preocc.	Preoccupied by trilobite genus Quebecaspis Rasetti, 1944
Qujinolepis	Zhang	1978	Valid.
Rachiosteus	Gross	1938	Valid.
Radotina	Gross	1950	Valid.
Ramphodus^[1]	Davis	1883	Valid.
Remigolepis^[11]	Stensiö	1931	Valid.
Rhachiosteus	Gross	1938	Valid.
Rhamphodontus^[1]			Valid.
Rhamphodopsis^[1]	Watson	1934	Valid.
Rhampodus^[1]			Valid.
Rhenonema	Obruchev	1964	Valid.
Rhinosteus	Jaekel	1911	Valid.
Rhynchodontus^[1]	Jaekel	1919	Valid.
Rhynchodus	Newberry	1873	Valid.
Rhynchognathus^[1]	Jaekel	1929	Valid.
Rhynchosteus^[1]	Jaekel	1925	Valid.
Ringinia^[1]	Whitley	1950	Valid.
Rinodus^[1]	Newberry Worthen	1866	Valid.
Rolfosteus	Dennis Miles	1979	Valid.
Romundina	Orvig	1975	Valid.
Sedowichthys^[1]	Bystrow	1957	Valid.
Selenosteus	Dean	1901	Valid.
Shearsbyaspis	Young	1984	Valid.
Sigaspis^[1]	Goujet	1973	Valid.
Simblaspis^[1]	Denison	1958	Valid.
Simosteus^[1]	Dennis Miles	1982	Valid.
Sinolepis	Liu Pan	1958	Valid.
Squamatognathus	Hanke Stewart Lammers	1996	Valid.
Stenognathus^[1]	Newberry	1898	Preocc.	Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Stenognathus Chaudoir, 1843
Stenosteus	Dean	1901	Valid.
Stensioella	Broili	1933	Valid.
Steurtzaspis^[1]			Valid.
Stuertzaspis	Westoll Miles	1963	Valid.
Svalbardaspis^[1]	Heintz	1929	Valid.
Synauchenia	Jaekel	1919	Valid.
Szelepis^[12]	Liu	1981	Valid	Originally named Szeaspis Liu (1979),^[1] but this name turned out to be preoccupied by the trilobite genus Szeaspis Chang, 1969
Taemasosteus	White	1978	Valid.
Taeniolepis	Gross	1932	Valid.
Tafilalichthys	Lehman	1956	Valid.
Tapinosteus	Stensiö	1963	Valid.
Taunaspis	Schmidt	1933	Valid.
Tiaraspis	Gross	1962	Valid.
Timanosteus	Obruchev	1962	Valid.
Titanichthys	Newberry	1885	Valid.
Tityosteus^[1]	Gross	1960	Valid.
Tollichthys^[1]	Bystrow	1957	Valid.
Tollodus	Mark-Kurik	1977	Valid.
Tomaiosteus^[1]	Kulczycki	1957	Valid.
Tongdzuylepis^[1]	Janvier Phuong	1999	Valid.
Toombsosteus	White	1978	Valid.
Torosteus	Gardiner Miles	1990	Valid.
Trachosteus	Newberry	1890	Valid.
Trematosteus	Jaekel	1927	Valid.
Tropidosteus	Gross	1933	Valid.
Tubalepis^[13]	Panteleyev	2003	Valid.
Tubonasus	Dennis Miles	1979	Valid.
Uralosteus^[1]	Mark-Kurik Young	2003	Valid.
Vukhuclepis^[8]	Janvier Thanh Phuong Truong	1997	Valid.
Walterosteus^[1]	Stensiö	1959	Valid.
Watsonosteus	Miles Westoll	1963	Valid.
Weejasperaspis	White	1978	Valid.
Westralichthys^[6]	Long	1987	Valid.
Wheathillaspis	White	1961	Valid.
Wijdeaspis	Obruchev	1964	Valid.
Wijeaspis^[1]			Valid.
Williamsaspis	White	1952	Valid.
Woodwardosteus^[1]	White Moy-Thomas	1940	Valid.
Wufengshania	Pan	2018	Valid
Wuttagoonaspis^[1]	Ritchie	1973	Valid.
Xichonolepis	Pan Wang	1978	Valid.
Xinanpetalichthyes			Valid.
Yiminaspis	Dupret	2008	Valid.
Yinosteus			Valid.
Yunnanocanthus^[1]			Valid.
Yunnanolepis	Liu	1963	Valid.
Yurammia^[1]	Young	2005	Valid.
Zhanjilepis	Zhang	1978	Valid.

Groenlandaspis

Rhamphodopsis

References

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^ Zakharenko, G. V. (2007-11-20). "A new pachyosteomorph arthrodire (Pisces: Placodermi) from the Upper Frasnian of the Central Devonian Field, Russia". Paleontological Journal. 41 (6): 642. doi:10.1134/S0031030107060081. S2CID 129840966.
^ ^a ^b Jiang, Pan; D. L. Dineley (Oct 22, 1988). "A Review of Early (Silurian and Devonian) Vertebrate Biogeography and Biostratigraphy of China". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 235 (1278): 29–61. Bibcode:1988RSPSB.235...29J. doi:10.1098/rspb.1988.0062. JSTOR 36236. PMID 2907139. S2CID 21005303.
^ Yuhai Liu (1981). "A Nomenclatural Note on Szelepis for Szeaspis Liu, 1979" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 19 (3): 294.
^ Panteleyev, N. V. (2001). "Tubalepis gen. nov. (Placodermi, Antiarchi) from the Upper Devonian of the Minusa Depression". Paleontological Journal. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-01-19.

Uncited genera can be attributed to:

Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Placodermi entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2004-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-20.

External links

[Haraamo-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn Haraamo, Mikko (2005-11-15). "Mikko's Phylogeny Archive entries on "†Acanthothoraci" "†Actinolepidae" "†Antiarcha" "†Arthrodira" "†Coccosteoidea" "†Coccosteina" "†Dinichthyloidea" "†Groelandaspididae" "†Holonematidae" "†Macropetalichthyidae" "†Phlyctaeniidae" †Phyllolepida "†Placodermi" "†Ptyctodontidae" "†Rhenanida"". Archived from the original on 2008-01-13. Retrieved 2008-01-13.

[Young,_Gavin-2] Young, Gavin C. (2005). "Early Devonian arthrodire remains (Placodermi, ?Holonematidae) from the Burrinjuck area, New South Wales, Australia" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 27 (2): 201. Retrieved 2008-01-19.

[Denison-3] Denison, Robert H. (1941). "The soft anatomy of Bothriolepis". Journal of Paleontology. 15 (5): 553–561. JSTOR 1298812.

[Carr+2010-4] Carr R. K., Hlavin V. J. (2010). "Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 159 (1): 195–222. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x.

[Dupret-5] Dupret, Vincent; M. Zhu (2007-11-30). "The earliest phyllolepid (Placodermi, Arthrodira) from the Late Lochkovian (Early Devonian) of Yunnan (South China)". Geological Magazine. 145 (2): 257. doi:10.1017/S0016756807004207. S2CID 129360262.

[Carr-6] Carr, Robert K.; William J. Hlavin (2005-04-28). "Dinichthyidae (Placodermi):A paleontological fiction?". Geobios. 28 (2): 85–87. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80092-1.

[Luksevics-7] Luksevics, Erwin (2001). "Bothriolepid antiarchs (Vertebrata, Placodermi) from the Devonian of the north-western part of the East European Platform" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 23 (4): 489. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-19. Retrieved 2008-01-19.

[Janvier-8] Janvier, Phillippe; Thanh, Tong-Dzuy; Phuong, Ta Hoa; Truong, Doan Nhât (August–October 1997). "The Devonian vertebrates (Placodermi, Sarcopterygii) from Central Vietnam and their bearing on the Devonian palaeogeography of Southeast Asia". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 15 (4–5): 393–406. Bibcode:1997JAESc..15..393J. doi:10.1016/S0743-9547(97)00020-2.

[9] Long, J. A.; Trinajstic, K.; Young, G. C.; Senden, T. (2008). "Live birth in the Devonian period". Nature. 453 (7195): 650–652. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..650L. doi:10.1038/nature06966. PMID 18509443. S2CID 205213348.

[Zakharenko-10] Zakharenko, G. V. (2007-11-20). "A new pachyosteomorph arthrodire (Pisces: Placodermi) from the Upper Frasnian of the Central Devonian Field, Russia". Paleontological Journal. 41 (6): 642. doi:10.1134/S0031030107060081. S2CID 129840966.

[Jiang-11] Jiang, Pan; D. L. Dineley (Oct 22, 1988). "A Review of Early (Silurian and Devonian) Vertebrate Biogeography and Biostratigraphy of China". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 235 (1278): 29–61. Bibcode:1988RSPSB.235...29J. doi:10.1098/rspb.1988.0062. JSTOR 36236. PMID 2907139. S2CID 21005303.

[12] Yuhai Liu (1981). "A Nomenclatural Note on Szelepis for Szeaspis Liu, 1979" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 19 (3): 294.

[Panteleyev-13] Panteleyev, N. V. (2001). "Tubalepis gen. nov. (Placodermi, Antiarchi) from the Upper Devonian of the Minusa Depression". Paleontological Journal. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-01-19.

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