Glossary of literary terms
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This glossary of literary terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in the discussion, classification, analysis, and criticism of all types of literature, such as poetry, novels, and picture books, as well as of grammar, syntax, and language techniques. For a more complete glossary of terms relating to poetry in particular, see Glossary of poetry terms.
A
- abecedarius
- A special type of acrostic in which the first letter of every word, strophe or verse follows the order of the alphabet.[1]
- acatalexis
- An acatalectic line of verse is one having the metrically complete number of syllables in the final foot.[2]
- accent
- Any noun used to describe the stress put on a certain syllable while speaking a word. For example, there has been disagreement over the pronunciation of "Abora" in line 41 of "Kubla Khan" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. According to Herbert Tucker of the website "For Better For Verse", the accent is on the first and last syllable of the word, making its pronunciation: AborA.[3][4]
- accentual verse
- Accentual verse is common in children's poetry. Nursery rhymes and the less well-known skipping-rope rhymes are the most common form of accentual verse in the English language.[2]
- acrostic
- A poem or other form of writing in which the first letter, syllable, or word of each line, paragraph, or other recurring feature in the text spells out a word or a message. Example: An Acrostic (1829) by Edgar Allan Poe.[5]
- act
- An act is a major division of a theatre work, including a play, film, opera, or musical theatre, consisting of one or more scenes.[6][7]
- adage
- An adage expresses a well-known and simple truth in a few words.[8] (Similar to aphorism and proverb.)
- adjective
- Any word or phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun, grammatically added to describe, identify, or quantify the related noun or pronoun.[9][10]
- adverb
- A descriptive word used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Typically ending in -ly, adverbs answer the questions when, how, and how many times.[3][11]
- aisling
- A poetic genre based on dreams and visions that developed during the 17th and 18th centuries in Irish-language poetry.[12]
- allegory
- A type of writing in which the settings, characters, and events stand for other specific people, events, or ideas.[13]
- alliteration
- Repetition of the initial sounds of words, as in "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers".[14]
- allusion
- A figure of speech that makes a reference to or a representation of people, places, events, literary works, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication.[14]
- anachronism
- The erroneous use of an object, event, idea, or word that does not belong to the same time period as its context.[15]
- anacrusis
- In poetry, a set of non-metrical syllables at the beginning of a verse used as a prelude to the metrical line.[16][17]
- anadiplosis
- The repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause to gain a special effect; e.g. "Labour and care are rewarded with success, success produces confidence, confidence relaxes industry, and negligence ruins the reputation which diligence had raised." (The Rambler No. 21, Samuel Johnson)[2]
- anagnorisis
- The point in a plot at which a character recognizes the true state of affairs.[18]
- analepsis
- An interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point the story has reached.[19]
- analogue
- analogy
- A comparison between two things that are otherwise unlike.[20][21]
- anapest
- A version of the foot in poetry in which the first two syllables of a line are unstressed, followed by a stressed syllable; e.g. intercept (the syllables in and ter are unstressed and followed by cept, which is stressed).[22]
- anaphora
- anastrophe
- anecdote
- A short account of a particular incident or event, especially of an interesting or amusing nature.[23]
- annals
- annotation
- A textual comment in a book or other piece of writing. Annotations often take the form of a reader's comments handwritten in the margin, hence the term marginalia, or of printed explanatory notes provided by an editor. See also adversaria.[2]
- antagonist
- The adversary of the hero or protagonist of a drama or other literary work; e.g. Iago is the antagonist[24] in William Shakespeare's Othello.[24]
- antanaclasis
- antecedent
- A word or phrase referred to by any relative pronoun.[9]
- antepenult
- anthology
- anticlimax
- antihero
- antimasque
- anti-romance
- antimetabole
- antinovel
- antistrophe
- antithesis
- antithetical couplet
- antonym
- aphorism
- apocope
- Apollonian and Dionysian
- apologue
- apology
- apothegm
- A terse, pithy saying, akin to a proverb, maxim, or aphorism.[2]
- aposiopesis
- A rhetorical device in which speech is broken off abruptly and the sentence is left unfinished.[2]
- apostrophe
- A figure of speech in which a speaker breaks off from addressing the audience (e.g., in a play) and directs speech to a third party such as an opposing litigant or some other individual, sometimes absent from the scene.
- apron stage
- Arcadia
- archaism
- archetype
- Any story element (e.g. idea, symbol, pattern, or character-type) that appears repeatedly in stories across time and space.[25]
- aristeia
- argument
- arsis and thesis
- asemic writing
- aside
- assonance
- astrophic
- (of one or more stanzas) Having no particular pattern.[3][11]
- asyndeton
- The omission of conjunctions between successive clauses. An example is when John F. Kennedy said on January 20, 1961, "...that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty."[26]
- aubade
- (French: "dawn song") A monologue which dramatically expresses the regret of parting lovers at daybreak.[2]
- audience
- autobiography
- autoclesis
- A rhetorical device by which an idea is introduced in negative terms in order to call attention to it and arouse curiosity.[2]
- autotelic
- avant-garde
B
- ballad
- ballade
- ballad stanza
- bard
- A distinguished poet, especially one serving in an official capacity whose task it was, in many cultures of Celtic origin, to celebrate national events, particularly heroic actions and military victories.[2]
- bathos
- Bathos refers to rhetorical anticlimax—an abrupt transition from a lofty style or grand topic to a common or vulgar one—occurring either accidentally (through artistic ineptitude) or intentionally (for comic effect).[27][28]
- beast fable
- An "animal tale" or "beast fable" generally consists of a short story or poem in which animals talk. It is a traditional form of allegorical writing.[29]
- beast poetry
- belles-lettres
- bestiary
- A medieval didactic genre in prose or verse in which the behavior of animals (used as symbolic types) points a moral.[2]
- beta reader
- bibliography
- Bildungsroman
- A story that follows the psychological and moral maturation of the protagonist or main character from childhood to adulthood. It is a type of coming-of-age story.[30]
- biography
- blank verse
- Verse written in iambic pentameter without rhyme.[11][31]
- boulevard theatre
- bourgeois tragedy
- bouts-rimés
- A versifying game originating in 17th-century France in which the idea was, given certain rhymes, to compose lines for them and make up a poem which sounded natural.[2]
- brachiology
- Terse and condensed expression, characteristic of the heroic couplet.[2] See also asyndeton.
- breviloquence
- burlesque
- burletta
- Burns stanza
- Byronic hero
- A type of character in a dramatic work whose defining features derive largely from characters in the writings of English Romantic poet Lord Byron as well as from Byron himself. It is a variant of the archetypal Romantic hero.[32]
C
- cadence
- In poetry, the rise or fall in pitch of the intonation of the voice, and its modulated inflection with the rise and fall of its sound.[33]
- caesura
- A break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and/or enforced by punctuation. A line may have more than one caesura, or none at all. If near the beginning of the line, it is called the initial caesura; near the middle, medial; near the end, terminal. An accented or masculine caesura follows an accented syllable, an unaccented or feminine caesura an unaccented syllable. The caesura is used in two essentially contrary ways: to emphasize formality and to stylize; and to slacken the stiffness and tension of formal metrical patterns.[2]
- calligram
- canon
- A body of writings established as authentic. The term often refers to biblical writings which have been accepted as authorized, as opposed to the Apocrypha.[2]
- canso
- canticle
- canto
- A subdivision of an epic or narrative poem, comparable to a chapter in a novel.[2]
- canzone
- An Italian or Provençal form of lyric, consisting of a series of verses in stanza form but without a refrain, and usually written in hendecasyllabic lines with end-rhyme; or more generally, any simple and song-like composition such as a ballad.[2] See also chanson and madrigal.
- captivity narrative
- caricature
- A portrait in literature (as in art) which ridicules a person by exaggerating and distorting their most prominent features and characteristics. Caricatures often evoke genial rather than derisive laughter.[2]
- carmen figuratum
- carpe diem
- catachresis
- The misapplication of a word, especially in a mixed metaphor.[2]
- catalect
- A literary work which is detached (or detachable) from the main body of a writer's work.[2] Compare analect.
- catalexis
- The omission of the last syllable or syllables in a regular metrical line; often done in trochaic and dactylic verse to avoid monotony.[2]
- catastrophe
- catharsis
- caudate sonnet
- cavalier poet
- Celtic art
- Celtic revival
- chain rhyme
- chanson de geste
- A type of Old French epic poem popular between the 11th and 14th centuries which relates the heroic deeds of Carolingian noblemen and other feudal lords. Such works exhibit a combination of history and legend, and also reflect a definite conception of religious chivalry.[2]
- chansonnier
- A collection of Provençal troubadour poems in manuscript form.[2]
- chant royal
- A metrical and rhyming scheme dating to the Middle Ages and related to ballade forms. It consists of five eleven-line stanzas rhyming in the pattern ababccddedE, followed by an envoi rhyming in the pattern ddedE. There is also a refrain (as indicated by the capital letters) at the end of each stanza and including the last line of the envoi. Typically, no rhyme word may be used twice except in the envoi.[2]
- chapbook
- A form of popular literature sold by pedlars or chapmen, mostly from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Chapbooks consisted of ballads, pamphlets, tracts, nursery rhymes, and fairy stories, and were often illustrated with wood-blocks.[2]
- character
- characterization
- charactonym
- Chaucerian stanza
- chiasmus
- A reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses; e.g. "His time a moment, and a point his space." (An Essay on Man, Epistle I, Alexander Pope) The device is related to antithesis.[2]
- chivalric romance
- choriamb
- chronicle
- chronicle play
- cinquain
- A five-line stanza with a variable meter and rhyme scheme, possibly of medieval origin.[2]
- classical unities
- classicism
- classification
- clerihew
- cliché
- An element of an artistic work, saying, or idea that has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect, even to the point of being trite or irritating, especially when at some earlier time it was considered meaningful or novel.[34]
- climax
- cloak and dagger
- close reading
- A technique of literary analysis that relies upon detailed, balanced, and rigorous critical examination of a text in order to discover its meanings and to assess its effects.[2]
- closed couplet
- closet drama
- collaborative poetry
- colloquialism
- comédie larmoyante
- comedy
- comedy of humors
- comedy of intrigue
- comedy of manners
- comic relief
- commedia dell'arte
- commedia erudita
- common measure
- commonplace book
- A notebook or journal in which a writer records ideas, themes, quotations, words, and phrases as they occur to them.[2]
- conceit
- concordance
- confessional literature
- confidant/confidante
- conflict
- connotation
- consistency
- consonance
- The close repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels, e.g. "slip, slop"; "creak, croak"; "black, block".[2] Compare assonance.
- contradiction
- context
- contrast
- convention
- coup de théâtre
- couplet
- Two lines with rhyming ends. Shakespeare often used a couplet to end a sonnet.[11]
- courtesy book
- courtly love
- Cowleyan ode
- cradle book
- See incunabulum.
- crisis
- That point in a story or play at which tension reaches a maximum and a resolution is imminent. There may be several crises, each preceding a climax.[2]
- cross acrostic
- crown of sonnets
- curtain raiser
- curtal sonnet
D
- dactyl
- dandy
- Débat
- death poem
- decadence
- decasyllable
- decorum
- denotation
- The most literal and limited meaning of a word, regardless of what one may feel about it or the suggestions and ideas it connotes (which may be much more affecting than or very different from its literal meaning).[2]
- dénouement
- The resolution or unravelling of the complications of the plot in a play or story, often following the climax in a final scene or chapter in which mysteries, confusions, and doubtful destinies are clarified.[35] See also catastrophe.
- description
- deus ex machina
- A plot device whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem in a story is suddenly resolved by an unexpected and seemingly unlikely occurrence, typically so much as to seem contrived.[36]
- deuteragonist
- dialect
- dialogic
- A work primarily featuring dialogue; a piece of, relating to, or written in dialogue.[15]
- dialogue
- dibrach
- diction
- The words selected for use in any oral, written, or literary expression. Diction often centers on opening a great array of lexical possibilities with the connotation of words by maintaining first the denotation of words.[37]
- didactic
- Intended to teach, instruct, or have a moral lesson for the reader.[15]
- digest size
- digression
- dime novel
- diameter
- dimeter
- A line of verse made up of two feet (two stresses).[13]
- dipody
- A pair of metrical feet considered as a single unit. Dipodic verse, commonly found in ballads and nursery rhymes, is characterized by the pairing together of feet in which one usually has a stronger stress.[35]
- dirge
- discourse
- dissociation of sensibility
- dissonance
- distich
- distributed stress
- dithyramb
- diverbium
- The spoken dialogue in Roman drama, as distinguished from the canticum, the sung part.[2]
- divine afflatus
- doggerel
- dolce stil nuove
- domestic tragedy
- A type of tragedy in which the leading characters belong to the middle class rather than to the royal or noble ranks usually represented in tragic drama, and in which the action largely concerns family affairs rather than public matters of state.[35]
- donnée
- A French word which signifies something "given" in the sense of an idea or notion implanted in the mind or imagination; i.e. the original idea or starting point from which a writer elaborates a complete creative work.[35] It may be a phrase, a conversation, the expression on a person's face, a tune, indeed almost any kind of experience which precipitates a series of thoughts and ideas in the writer's mind.[2]
- doppelgänger
- double rhyme
- drama
- dramatic character
- dramatic irony
- dramatic lyric
- dramatic monologue
- dramatic proverb
- dramatis personæ
- Collectively, the characters represented in a play or other dramatic work. This phrase is the conventional heading for a list of characters printed in a theatrical programme or at the beginning of the text.[35]
- dramaturgy
- dream allegory
- dream vision
- droll
- dumb show
- duodecimo
- duologue
- A conversation between two characters in a play, story, or poem.[2] See also dialogue.
- duple meter/duple rhythm
- Any poetic meter based on a foot of two syllables (i.e. a duple foot), as opposed to triple meter, in which the predominant foot has three syllables. Most English metrical verse is in duple meter, either iambic or trochaic, and thus displays an alternation of stressed syllables with single unstressed syllables. In the context of classical Greek and Latin poetry, however, the term often refers to verse composed of dipodies.[35]
- dystopia
- dynamic character
- A character who, during the course of a narrative, grows or changes in some significant way. Dynamic characters are therefore not only complex and three-dimensional but also develop as the plot develops. In the Bildungsroman, for example, the growth of the protagonist is coincident with the course of the plot.[38]
E
- echo verse
- eclogue
- ekphrasis
- A vivid, graphic, or dramatic written commentary or description of another visual form of art.[3][11]
- electronic literature
- Literary works made for digital media, such as hypertext fiction, kinetic poetry or interactive fiction.
- elegy
- elision
- emblem
- emblem book
- emendation
- The correction or alteration of text or manuscript where it is, or appears to be, corrupt.[2]
- enallage
- A figurative device which involves the substitution of one grammatical form for another. It is commonly used in metaphor; e.g. "to palm someone off" or "to have a good laugh".[2] Compare hypallage.
- end rhyme
- end-stopped line
- A line in poetry that ends in a pause, indicated by a specific punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.[13]
- English sonnet
- enjambment
- The continuing of a syntactic unit over the end of a line. Enjambment occurs when the sense of the line overflows the meter and line break.[3]
- entr'acte
- envoi
- epanalepsis
- epic poetry
- A long poem that narrates the victories and adventures of a hero. Such a poem is often identifiable by its lofty or elegant diction.[11]
- epic simile
- epic theater
- epigraph
- 1. An inscription on a statue, stone, or building.
- 2. The legend on a coin.
- 3. A quotation on the title page of a book.
- 4. A motto heading a new section or paragraph.[2]
- epilogue
- epiphany
- episode
- episteme
- epistle
- epistolary novel
- epistrophe
- Repetition of a word or phrase at the end of clauses or sentences.[39]
- epitaph
- epithalamion
- epithet
- epizeuxis
- epode
- erasure
- The placing of a concept under suspicion by marking the word for it as crossed or struck through (e.g. "
philosophy"), in order to signal to readers that it is both unreliable and at the same time indispensable. The device of placing words sous rature ("under erasure") has been adopted in modern philosophy and literary criticism, notably in deconstruction.[35] - Erziehungsroman
- essay
- ethos
- eulogy
- euphony
- euphuism
- exaggeration
- exegesis
- exemplum
- exordium
- experimental novel
- Explication de Texte
- exposition
- extended metaphor
- extrametrical verse
- eye rhyme
- A kind of rhyme in which the spellings of paired words appear to match but without true correspondence in pronunciation; e.g. "dive/give", "said/maid", "bear/dear". Some were originally true rhymes but have become eye rhymes through changes in pronunciation; these are sometimes called historical rhymes.[35]
F
- fable
- fabliau
- fairy tale
- falling action
- falling rhythm
- fancy and imagination
- fantasy
- farce
- feminine ending
- feminine rhyme
- A rhyme with two syllables, with one stressed and one unstressed; e.g. "merry" rhymed with "tarry".[3][11] Contrast masculine rhyme.
- fiction
- figurative language
- figure of speech
- figure of twins
- See hendiadys.
- fin de siècle
- flashback
- An interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point the story has reached.[19]
- flashforward
- An interjected scene that takes the narrative forward in time from the current point of the story in literature, film, television, and other media.[19]
- flat character
- foil
- folio
- folk drama
- folklore
- foot
- foreshadowing
- form
- fourteener
- frame story
- A story which contains either another tale (i.e. a story within a story) or a series of stories. Well-known examples include the One Thousand and One Arabian Nights and Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.[2]
- free indirect discourse
- free verse
- A type of poetry that does not conform to any regular meter: both the length of its lines and its use of rhyme (if at all) are irregular. In lieu of a regular metrical pattern, free verse uses more flexible cadences or rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported by anaphora and other devices of repetition. Free verse should not be confused with blank verse, which does observe a regular meter in its unrhymed lines.[35]
- French forms
- fustian
G
- gallows humor
- gathering
- genetic fallacy
- genre
- Georgian poetry
- gesta
- Accounts of deeds or tales of adventure, often with morals attached to each tale, which were especially popular in the Middle Ages.[2]
- ghazal
- gloss
- An annotation that explains or translates a difficult word or phrase, usually added to a text by a later copyist or editor (as in many modern editions of Chaucer). When placed between the lines of a text, it is known as an interlinear gloss, but it may also appear in the margin, as a footnote, or in an appendix, and may form an extended commentary.[35]
- Gothic double
- gnomic verse
- golden line
- Goliardic verse
- Gongorism
- Gonzo journalism
- Gothic novel
- Grand Guignol
- Greek chorus
- Greek tragedy
- Grub Street
- Gushi
H
- hagiography
- haibun
- A form of prose written in a terse, haikai style and accompanied by haiku.[40]
- haikai
- A broad genre comprising the related forms of haiku haikai-renga and haibun.[40]
- haiku
- A modern term for standalone hokku.[40]
- half rhyme
- hamartia
- The error or false step that leads a hero or protagonist in a tragedy to his or her downfall, as discussed by Aristotle in his Poetics. The protagonist's misfortune may be caused by some moral shortcoming or defect of character, or by his or her own misjudgment, ignorance, or hubris.[35]
- headless line
- head rhyme
- hemistich
- hendecasyllable
- hendecasyllabic verse
- hendiadys
- A figure of speech, used for emphasis, in which a single idea is expressed by means of two substantives joined by the conjunction "and" (e.g. by two nouns, as with "house and home" or "law and order"), rather than by a noun qualified by an adjective; the substitution of a conjunction for a subordination. Examples may also combine two adjectives ("nice and juicy") or two verbs ("come and get it"). A combination of three substantives is a hendiatris.[2][35]
- hendiatris
- A figure of speech, used for emphasis, in which a single idea is expressed by means of three substantives joined by the conjunction "and" (e.g. "wine, women and song" or "sex, drugs and rock and roll"). A combination of two substantives is a hendiadys.[2]
- heptameter
- heptastich
- heresy of paraphrase
- heroic couplets
- heroic drama
- heroic quatrain
- heroic stanza
- hexameter
- A line from a poem that has six feet in its meter. Another name for hexameter is "The Alexandrine".[11]
- hexastich
- hiatus
- high comedy
- higher criticism
- historical fiction
- historical linguistics
- historic present
- history play
- hokku
- In Japanese poetry, the opening stanza of a renga or renku (haikai no renga).[41]
- holograph
- Homeric epithet
- homily
- Horatian ode
- Horatian satire
- hovering accent
- hubris
- hudibrastic
- humor
- humours
- hymn
- hymnal stanza
- hypallage
- hyperbaton
- A figure of speech that alters the syntactic order of the words in a sentence or separates words that are ordinarily associated with each other. The term may also be used more generally for all different figures of speech that transpose the natural word order in sentences.[42][43]
- hyperbole
- A figure of speech which contains a blatant exaggeration for emphasis, e.g. "I haven't seen you for ages" or "as old as the hills".[2]
- hypercatalectic
- hypermetrical
- hypocorism
- hypotactic
- A term referring to the use of different subordinate clauses in a sentence to qualify a single verb or modify it.[11]
- hysteron proteron
I
- iamb
- A metrical unit (i.e. a foot) of poetic verse, having one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable, as in the word "beyond" (or, in Greek or Latin quantitative verse, one short syllable followed by one long syllable). Lines of poetry made up predominantly of iambs are referred to as iambics or as iambic verse, which is by far the most commonly used metrical verse in English. Its most important form is the 10-syllable iambic pentameter, either rhymed (as in heroic couplets and sonnets) or unrhymed (in blank verse).[35]
- iambic pentameter
- idiom
- idyll
- imagery
- imagism
- incipit
- indeterminacy
- inference
- in medias res
- innuendo
- interjection
- A word that is tacked onto a sentence in order to add strong emotion and which is grammatically unrelated to the rest of the sentence. Interjections are usually followed by an exclamation point.[11]
- internal conflict
- internal rhyme
- interpretation
- intertextuality
- Refers to the way in which different works of literature interact with and relate to one another to construct meaning.[11]
- intuitive description
- irony
J
- Jacobean era
- jeremiad
- ji-amari
- The use of one or more extra syllabic units (on) above the 5/7 standard in Japanese poetic forms such as waka and haiku.[44]
- jintishi
- jitarazu
- The use of fewer syllabic units (on) than the 5/7 standard in Japanese poetic forms such as waka and haiku.[45]
- jueju
- juncture
- Juvenalian satire
K
- kabuki
- Kafkaesque
- kenning
- kigo
- In Japanese poetry, a seasonal word or phrase required in haiku and renku.[46]
- King's English
- kireji
- In Japanese poetry, a "cutting word" required in haiku and hokku.[47]
- Künstlerroman
L
- lacuna
- lai
- Lake Poets
- lament
- laureate
- lay
- legend
- legitimate theater
- Leonine rhyme
- level stress (even accent)
- light ending
- light poetry
- light rhyme
- light stress
- limerick
- linked rhyme
- link sonnet
- literary ballad
- literary criticism
- literary movement
- literary epic
- literary fauvism
- literary realism
- literary theory
- literature
- litotes
- liturgical drama
- logaoedic
- logical fallacy
- logical stress
- logos
- long metre
- long poem
- loose sentence
- Lost Generation
- low comedy
- lullaby
- lune
- lushi
- lyric
- A short poem with a song-like quality, or designed to be set to music, often conveying feelings, emotions, or personal thoughts.[13]
M
- macaronic language
- madrigal
- magic realism
- malapropism
- maqama
- Märchen
- See fairy tale.
- marginalia
- Marinism
- marivauge
- masculine ending
- masculine rhyme
- masked comedy
- masque
- maxim
- meaning
- medieval drama
- meiosis
- Melic poetry
- melodrama
- A work that is characterized by extravagant theatricality and by the predominance of plot and physical action over characterization.[15]
- memoir
- Menippean satire
- mesostic
- metaphor
- Making a comparison between two unlike things without using the words like, as, or than.[13]
- metaphysical conceit
- metaphorical language
- meter
- metonymy
- metrical accent
- metrical foot
- metrical structure
- Microcosm Theatre
- Middle Comedy
- miles gloriosus
- Miltonic sonnet
- mimesis
- Minnesang
- mise en scène
- mock-heroic (mock epic)
- mode
- monodrama
- monody
- monogatari
- monograph
- monologue
- monometer (monopody)
- monostich
- mood
- mora
- moral
- morality play
- motif
- motivation
- mummers' play
- Muses
- musical comedy
- muwashshah
- A multi-lined strophic verse form which flourished in Islamic Spain in the 11th century, written in Arabic or Hebrew.[48]
- mystery play
- mythology
N
- narration
- narrative poem
- narrative point of view
- narratology
- narrator
- naturalism
- A theory or practice in literature emphasizing scientific observation of life without idealization and often including elements of determinism.[15]
- neo-Aristotelianis
- A view of literature and criticism propagated by the Chicago School – Ronald S. Crane, Elder Olson, Richard McKeon, Wayne Booth, and others – that means "A view of literature and criticism that takes a pluralistic attitude toward the history of literature and seeks to view literary works and critical theories intrinsically."
- neologism
- The creation of new words, often arising from acronyms, word combinations, direct translations, or the addition of prefixes or suffixes to existing words.[9]
- non-fiction
- novel
- A genre of fiction that relies on narrative and possesses a considerable length, an expected complexity, and a sequential organization of action into story and plot distinctively. Novels are flexible in form (although prose is the standard), generally focus around one or more characters, and are continuously reshaped and reformed by a speaker.[3]
- novella
- novelle
O
- objective correlative
- objective criticism
- obligatory scene
- octameter
- octave
- octet
- An eight-line stanza of poetry.[11]
- ode
- A lyrical poem, sometimes sung, that focuses on the glorification of a single subject and its meaning. Often has an irregular stanza structure.[15]
- Oedipus complex
- onomatopoeia
- The formation of a word by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent, such as "cuckoo", "meow", "honk", or "boom".[49]
- open couplet
- oulipo
- ottava rima
- A verse form in which each stanza has eight iambic pentameter lines following the rhyme scheme ABABABCC. An ottava rima was often used for long narratives, especially epics and mock-heroic poems.[3]
- Oxford Movement
- oxymoron
P
- palinode
- A poem or song in which the poet recants or counter-balances a statement made in an earlier poem.[2]
- pantoum
- pantun
- parable
- paraclausithyron
- paradelle
- paradox
- paraphrase
- pararhyme
- paratactic
- The combining of various syntactic units, usually prepositions, without the use of conjunctions to form short and simple phrases.[13]
- partimen
- pastourelle
- pathetic fallacy
- Pathya Vat
- parallelism
- parody
- pastoral
- A work depicting an idealized vision of the rural life of shepherds.[11]
- pathos
- phrase
- A sequence of two or more words forming a unit. In the poem “Kubla Khan” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the words “pleasure-dome” are a phrase read not only in this poem, but also in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein when she uses also uses the phrase.[15]
- periodical literature
- peripetia
- persona
- personification
- phronesis
- picaresque novel
- plain style
- Platonic idealism
- plot
- poetic diction
- poetic transrealism
- point of view
- polysyndeton
- post-colonialism
- postmodernism
- present perfect
- A verb tense that describes actions just finished or continuing from the past into the present. This can also imply that past actions have present effects.[11]
- primal scene
- procatalepsis
- prolepsis
- An interjected scene that takes the narrative forward in time from the current point of the story in literature, film, television, and other media.[19]
- prologue
- progymnasmata
- prose
- prosimetrum
- prosody
- protagonist
- protologism
- proverb
- pruning poem
- Psalm
- pun
- purple prose
- pyrrhic
Q
R
- recusatio
- redaction
- red herring
- refrain
- regency novel
- regionalism
- renga
- A genre of Japanese collaborative poetry.[50]
- renku
- In Japanese poetry, a form of popular collaborative linked verse formerly known as haikai no renga, or haikai.[51]
- renshi
- A form of collaborative poetry pioneered by Makoto Ooka in Japan in the 1980s.[52]
- repetition
- reverse chronology
- rhapsodes
- rhetoric
- rhetorical device
- rhetorical operations
- rhetorical question
- rhyme
- rhymed prose
- rhyme royal
- rhythm
- A measured pattern of words and phrases arranged by sound, time, or events. These patterns are [created] in verse or prose by use of stressed and unstressed syllables.[3][37]
- rising action
- robinsonade
- roman à clef
- romance
- Romantic hero
- romanzo d'appendice
- round-robin story
- Ruritanian romance
- Russian formalism
S
- Saj'
- satire
- scansion
- scene
- A subdivision of an act in a play, an opera, or any other form of theatrical entertainment,[2] distinguished from preceding and following scenes by a curtain, the dimming of stage lights, and/or a brief emptying of the stage;[35] or more generally, a particular part of a story depicting actions happening in one place at one time and between specific characters, often defined by its continuity.
- scènes à faire
- sea shanty
- sensibility
- sestet
- setting
- Shadorma
- Shakespearean sonnet
- Sicilian octave
- simile
- A comparison of two different things that utilizes “like” or “as”.[11]
- slant rhyme
- skaz
- sobriquet
- soliloquy
- sonnet
- A 14-line poem written in iambic pentameter. There are two types of sonnets: Shakespearean and Italian. The Shakespearean sonnet is written with three quatrain and a couplet in ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GG rhythmic pattern. An Italian sonnet is written in two stanzas with an octave followed by a septet in ABBA, ABBA, CDECDE or CDCDCD rhythmic pattern.[11]
- sonneteer
- speaker
- spondee
- A foot consisting of two syllables of approximately equal stress.[11]
- Spenserian stanza
- sprung rhythm
- stanza
- A group of lines in a poem offset by a space and then continuing with the next group of lines, with each group consisting of a set pattern or number of lines.[11]
- static character
- stereotype
- stichic
- Having lines of the same meter and length throughout, but not organized into regular stanzas. An example is the form of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "Frost at Midnight".[3]
- strambotto
- stream of consciousness writing
- structuralism
- sublime
- Of a profound and immeasurable experience, unable to be rationalized.[3]
- subplot
- syllogism
- symbolism
- synecdoche
- A figure of speech involving the expression of an entire idea by something smaller, such as a phrase or a single word, such that a term for one part of something is used to refer to the whole, or vice versa.[11]
- synesthesia
- A rhetorical device that describes or associates one sense (i.e., touch, taste, see, hear, smell) in terms of another, typically in the form of a simile.[53]
- syntax
- The study of how words are arranged in a sentence.[3]
T
- tautology
- A tautology is when something is defined or explained by saying exactly the same thing again in different words.[54]
- tableau
- tail rhyme
- Tagelied
- tale
- tanka
- In Japanese poetry, a short poem in the form 5,7,5,7,7 syllabic units.[55]
- tan-renga
- In Japanese poetry, a tanka where the upper part is composed by one poet and the lower part by another.[56]
- techne
- telestich
- A poem or other form of writing in which the last letter, syllable or word of each line, paragraph or other recurring feature in the text spells out a word or a message.[57]
- tenor
- tercet
- terza rima
- tetrameter
- tetrastich
- text
- textual criticism
- textuality
- Theatre of Cruelty
- Theatre of the Absurd
- theme
- thesis
- thesis play
- third-person narrative
- threnody
- tirade
- tone
- tornada
- In Occitan lyric poetry, a final, shorter stanza (cobla) addressed to a patron, lady, or friend.[58]
- tract
- tragedy
- tragedy of blood
- tragic flaw
- See hamartia.
- tragic hero
- tragic irony
- tragic comedy
- transcendentalism
- transferred epithet
- transition
- translation
- tribrach
- trimeter
- triolet
- triple rhyme
- triple meter
- triple rhythm
- triplet
- tristich
- tritagonist
- trivium
- trobar clus
- trochee
- A two-syllable metrical foot with the accent syllable on the first foot.[3][11]
- trope
- troubadour
- trouvère
- tuckerization
- truncated line
- tumbling verse
- type character
- type scene
U
- ubi sunt
- underground art
- underground press
- understatement
- unities
- See classical unities.
- universality
- University Wits
- uta monogatari
- unreliable narrator
V
- variable syllable
- variorum
- Varronian satire
- vates
- vaudeville
- verb displacement
- verisimilitude
- The quality of resembling reality.[59]
- verism
- vers de société
- vers libre
- verse
- verse paragraph
- versiprose
- verso
- Victorian literature
- vignette
- A short scene that captures a single moment or a defining detail about a character, idea, or other element of a story.[60]
- villain
- villanelle
- virelay
- virgule
- voice
- volta
- A turn or switch that emphasizes a change in ideas or emotions, often marked by the words “but” or “yet”. In a sonnet, this change separates the octave from the sestet.[2]
- Vorticism
- vulgate
- The use of informal, common speech, particularly of uneducated people. Similar to the use of vernacular.[15]
W
- waka
- Wardour Street English
- A pseudo-archaic form of diction affected by some writers, particularly those of historical fiction.[61]
- weak ending
- weak foot
- well-made play
- Wellerism
- Weltschmerz
- A depressive mood of disappointment with—and alienation from—the world, prevalent in Romantic and decadent literature.[62]
- Western fiction
- wit
- word accent
- wrenched accent
Z
- za
- The site of a renga session; also, the sense of dialogue and community present in such a session.[63]
- zappai
See also
References
- ^ Wiktor Jarosław Darasz, Mały przewodnik po wierszu polskim, Kraków 2003, p. 44–45 (in Polish).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Cuddon, John Anthony (1998). A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Wiley. ISBN 9780631202714.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stephen Greenblatt et al. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, volume D, 9th edition (Norton, 2012)
- ^ "For Better For Verse". University of Virginia.
- ^ "Acrostic Poetry". OutstandingWriting.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
- ^ Baldick (2004)
- ^ Turco (1999)
- ^ "Adage: Definition and Examples | LiteraryTerms.net". 15 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Jack Lynch. "Guide to Grammar and Style". Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2013.. Online edition of the book The English Language: A User's Guide by Jack Lynch.
- ^ "Writing Centre". University of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "The Norton Anthology of Poetry". W. W. Norton.
- ^ Connolly, S.J. "Literature in Irish". Oxford Companion to Irish History (2nd ed.).
- ^ a b c d e f "Glossary of Terms". Gale Cengage.
- ^ a b Hirsch, E.D. Jr. et al., eds. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002. ISBN 9780618226474 p148
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster.
- ^ Clemoes, Peter; Keynes, Simon; and Lapidge, Michael; eds. (2007). Anglo-Saxon England, Volume 16, p.103. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521038409
- ^ Terasawa, Jun (2011). Old English Metre: An Introduction, p.45. University of Toronto. ISBN 9781442642386.
- ^ Baldick, Chris. Oxford Dictionary Of Literary Terms, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780199208272 p12
- ^ a b c d Jung, Berenike. Narrating Violence In Post-9/11 Action Cinema: Terrorist Narratives, Cinematic Narration, and Referentiality. Springer, 2010. ISBN 9783531926025 p67
- ^ "Definition of ANALOGY". www.merriam-webster.com.
- ^ "Analogy Examples and Definition - Literary Devices". literarydevices.com. 30 September 2014.
- ^ "Anapest". Poetry Foundation. 21 May 2018.
- ^ "the definition of anecdote". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ a b "the definition of antagonist". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
- ^ "Archetype: Definition and Examples | LiteraryTerms.net". October 2015.
- ^ Keller, Stefan Daniel. The Development of Shakespeare's Rhetoric: A Study of Nine Plays. Volume 136 of Schweizer anglistische Arbeiten. Narr Francke Attempto, 2009. ISBN 9783772083242. p54
- ^ Fiske, Robert Hartwell (1 November 2011). Robert Hartwell Fiske's Dictionary of Unendurable English: A Compendium of Mistakes in Grammar, Usage, and Spelling with commentary on lexicographers and linguists. Scribner. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4516-5134-8.
- ^ Abrams, Meyer Howard; Harpham, Geoffrey Galt (2009). A Glossary of Literary Terms. Cengage Learning. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4130-3390-8.
- ^ M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms (5th edition 1985), p. 6.
- ^ "Bildungsroman: Definitions and Examples". 9 March 2019.
- ^ Hirsch, E.D. Jr. et al., eds. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002. ISBN 9780618226474 p149
- ^ Christiansen, Rupert, Romantic Affinities: Portraits From an Age, 1780–1830, 1989, Cardinal, ISBN 0-7474-0404-6
- ^ The Chambers Dictionary. Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd London ISBN 978-0550102379
- ^ Gary Blake and Robert W. Bly, The Elements of Technical Writing, pg. 85. New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1993. ISBN 0020130856
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- ^ "deus ex machina". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 23 Apr 2018.
- ^ a b Cuddon, J. A., and Claire Preston. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1998.
- ^ X. J. Kennedy, et al. Handbook of Literary Terms: Literature, Language, Theory. Longman, 2004. ISBN 0-321-20207-4.
- ^ Garner, Bryan A. (2016). Garner's Modern English Usage (4 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1003. ISBN 978-0-19-049148-2.
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- ^ Kevin Wilson; Jennifer Wauson (2010). The AMA Handbook of Business Writing: The Ultimate Guide to Style, Grammar, Usage, Punctuation, Construction, and Formatting. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-8144-1589-4.
- ^ Stephen Cushman; Clare Cavanagh; Jahan Ramazani; Paul Rouzer (26 August 2012). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition. Princeton University Press. p. 647. ISBN 978-1-4008-4142-4.
- ^ Mostow, Joshua S. Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image. University of Hawaii Press, 1996. ISBN 9780824817053 p12
- ^ Crowley, Cheryl. Haikai Poet Yosa Buson and the Bashō Revival. Brill, 2006. ISBN 978-9004157095 p54
- ^ Keene, Donald. World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600-1867 Henry Holt, 1976. ISBN 9780030136269 p575
- ^ Shirane, Haruo. Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Bashō. Stanford University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780804730990 p100ff.
- ^ Bleiberg, Germán et al. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula: A-k. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1993. ISBN 9780313287312 p900
- ^ "the definition of onomatopoeia". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ Carter, Steven D. Three Poets at Yuyama, University of California, 1983, ISBN 0-912966-61-0 p.3
- ^ Shirane, Haruo. Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Bashō. Stanford University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780804730990 p297
- ^ Look Japan Volume 48, issues 553-564. 2002, p4
- ^ "Synesthesia". 15 February 2019.
- ^ "Tautology: Definition and Examples | LiteraryTerms.net". 16 July 2015.
- ^ Vos, Jos. Eeuwige reizigers: Een bloemlezing uit de klassieke Japanese literatuur. De Arbeiderspers, 2008. ISBN 9789029566032 p45
- ^ Shirane, Haruo. Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings To 1600. Columbia University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780231136976 p874
- ^ TalkTalk Dictionary of Difficult Words - telestich "Dictionary of Difficult Words". TalkTalk. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
- ^ Chambers, Frank M. An Introduction to Old Provenc̦al Versification: Volume 167 of Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society, 1985. ISBN 9780871691675 p32ff.
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- ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 6th ed. (2007). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3575
- ^ "Weltschmerz | Romantic literary concept". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
- ^ Shirane, Haruo. Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Bashō. Stanford University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780804730990 p299
Further reading
- M. H. Abrams. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Thomson-Wadsworth, 2005. ISBN 1-4130-0456-3.
- Baldick, Chris (2004). The Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860883-7.
- Chris Baldick. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford Univ. Press, 2001. ISBN 0-19-280118-X.
- Edwin Barton & G. A. Hudson. Contemporary Guide To Literary Terms. Houghton-Mifflin, 2003. ISBN 0-618-34162-5.
- Mark Bauerlein. Literary Criticism: An Autopsy. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8122-1625-3.
- Karl Beckson & Arthur Ganz. Literary Terms: A Dictionary. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989. ISBN 0-374-52177-8.
- Peter Childs. The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms. Routledge, 2005. ISBN 0-415-34017-9.
- J. A. Cuddon. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Penguin Books, 2000. ISBN 0-14-051363-9 .
- Dana Gioia. The Longman Dictionary of Literary Terms: Vocabulary for the Informed Reader. Longman, 2005. ISBN 0-321-33194-X.
- Garner, Bryan. Garner's Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press, 2016. ISBN 9780190491482
- Sharon Hamilton. Essential Literary Terms: A Brief Norton Guide with Exercises. W. W. Norton, 2006. ISBN 0-393-92837-3.
- William Harmon. A Handbook to Literature. Prentice Hall, 2005. ISBN 0-13-134442-0.
- X. J. Kennedy, et al. Handbook of Literary Terms: Literature, Language, Theory. Longman, 2004. ISBN 0-321-20207-4.
- V. B. Leitch. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. W. W. Norton, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97429-4.
- Frank Lentricchia & Thomas McLaughlin. Critical Terms for Literary Study. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1995. ISBN 0-226-47203-5.
- David Mikics. A New Handbook of Literary Terms. Yale Univ. Press, 2007. ISBN 0-300-10636-X.
- Ross Murfin & S. M. Ray. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006. ISBN 0-312-25910-7.
- John Peck & Martin Coyle. Literary Terms and Criticism. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. ISBN 0-333-96258-3.
- Edward Quinn. A Dictionary of Literary And Thematic Terms. Checkmark Books, 2006. ISBN 0-8160-6244-7.
- Turco, Lewis (1999). The Book of Literary Terms: The Genres of Fiction, Drama, Nonfiction, Literary Criticism, and Scholarship. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 0-87451-955-1.