Leptoconops
| Leptoconops Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
| |
| Leptoconops sp. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Ceratopogonidae |
| Subfamily: | Leptoconopinae |
| Genus: | Leptoconops Skuse, 1889 |
| Synonyms | |
|
Tersesthes Townsend, 1893 | |
Leptoconops (black gnat)[1] is a midge genus in the family Ceratopogonidae.[2] It has a mostly tropical or subtropical distribution worldwide,[3] but some species occur as far north as Moscow region in Russia and the Yukon Territory in Canada.[4]
This genus is relictual, having had a pantropical distribution during the Cretaceous.[5] The presence of Leptoconops, along with Austroconops, in ancient Lebanese amber makes these the earliest existing lineages of biting midges.[3] Extinct species have also been described from amber from Siberia, New Jersey, Canada, Hungary, Sakhalin, France,[4] and Spain.[6]
Adult Leptoconops females are diurnal feeders, and suck vertebrate blood. Adults of both sexes in some species rest by burying themselves in sand.[7] Larvae feed on algae, fungi, and bacteria. They burrow in moist, usually saline, sand or mud of desert areas and coastal and inland beaches.[3][4]
Species
Leptoconops contains the following species:
- Leptoconops acer Clastrier, 1973
- Leptoconops albiventris de Meijere, 1915
- Leptoconops algeriensis Clastrier, 1975
- Leptoconops altuneshanensis Yu and Shao, 1988
- Leptoconops americanus Carter, 1921
- Leptoconops amplifemoralis Chanthawanich and Delfinado, 1967
- †Leptoconops amplificatus Borkent, 2001[7]
- Leptoconops andersoni Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
- †Leptoconops antiquus Borkent, 2001[7]
- Leptoconops arnaudi Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
- Leptoconops ascius Yu and Hui, 1988
- Leptoconops asilomar Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
- Leptoconops atchleyi Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
- Leptoconops auster Clastrier, 1981
- Leptoconops aviarum Gutsevich, 1973
- Leptoconops bahreinensis Clastrier and Boorman, 1987
- Leptoconops bossoi Clastrier, 1981
- Leptoconops belkini Wirth and Atchley, 1973
- Leptoconops bequaerti (Kieffer), 1925
- Leptoconops bezzii (Noè), 1905
- Leptoconops bidentatus Gutsevich, 1960
- Leptoconops binangulus Yu, 1989
- Leptoconops binisiculus Yu and Liu, 1988
- Leptoconops borealis Gutsevich, 1945
- Leptoconops boreus Kalugina, 1991
- Leptoconops brasiliensis (Lutz), 1913
- Leptoconops brevistylus Mazumdar, Saha & Chaudhuri, 2010[1]
- Leptoconops bullsbrookensis Smee, 1966
- Leptoconops bundyensis Smee, 1966
- †Leptoconops burmiticus Szadziewski, 2004[8]
- Leptoconops californiensis Wirth and Atchley, 1973
- Leptoconops camelorum (Kieffer), 1921
- Leptoconops capensis de Meillon and Hardy, 1953
- Leptoconops carteri Hoffman, 1926
- Leptoconops casali Cavalieri and Chiossone, 1966
- Leptoconops catawbae (Boesel), 1948
- Leptoconops chenfui Yu and Xiang, 1988
- Leptoconops chilensis Forattini, 1958
- Leptoconops chinensis Sun, 1968
- Leptoconops conulus Yu and Liu, 1990
- Leptoconops copiosus Borkent, 1996
- Leptoconops curvachelus Borkent, 1996
- †Leptoconops daugeroni Choufani, Azar and Nel, 2011
- Leptoconops demeilloni Clastrier and Nevill, 1984
- Leptoconops dissimilis Clastrier, 1975
- Leptoconops dixi de Meillon, 1936
- Leptoconops doyeni Spinelli and Ronderos, 1993
- †Leptoconops ellenbergeri Szadziewski, 2015
- Leptoconops endialis Smee, 1966
- Leptoconops exspectator Clastrier, 1975
- Leptoconops flaviventris Kieffer, 1918
- Leptoconops floridensis Wirth, 1951
- Leptoconops foleyi Clastrier, 1975
- Leptoconops fortipalpus Mazumdar, Saha & Chaudhuri, 2010[1]
- Leptoconops foulki Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
- Leptoconops freeborni Wirth, 1952
- Leptoconops fretus Yu and Zhan, 1990
- Leptoconops fuscipennis Clastrier, Rioux, and Descous, 1961
- Leptoconops gallicus Clastrier, 1973
- Leptoconops golanensis Clastrier, 1981
- Leptoconops grandis Carter, 1921
- †Leptoconops gravesi Choufani et al., 2014[9]
- Leptoconops halophilus Smee, 1966
- Leptoconops hamariensis Herzi and Sabatini, 1983
- Leptoconops harrisoni de Meillon and Hardy, 1953
- Leptoconops helobius Ma and Yu, 1990
- Leptoconops hutsoni Clastrier, 1974
- Leptoconops hyalinipennis Kieffer, 1918
- Leptoconops indicus (Kieffer), 1918
- Leptoconops interruptus (Enderlein), 1908
- Leptoconops irritans (Noè), 1905
- Leptoconops kerteszi Kieffer, 1908
- Leptoconops kinmenensis Lien, Lin, Weng and Chin, 1996
- Leptoconops knowltoni Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
- Leptoconops lacteipennis Kieffer, 1918
- Leptoconops laosensis Clastrier, 1974
- Leptoconops latibulorum Gutsevich, 1973
- Leptoconops laurae (Weiss), 1912
- Leptoconops linleyi Wirth and Atchley, 1973
- Leptoconops lisbonnei Harant and Galan, 1944
- Leptoconops longicauda Yu, 1997[10]
- Leptoconops longicornis Carter, 1921
- Leptoconops lucidus Gutsevich, 1964
- Leptoconops mackerrassae Smee, 1966
- Leptoconops macfiei Clastrier, 1975
- Leptoconops melanderi Wirth and Atchley, 1973
- Leptoconops mellori Clastrier and Boorman, 1987
- Leptoconops mesopotamiensis (Patton), 1920
- Leptoconops minutus Gutsevich, 1973
- Leptoconops mohavensis Wirth and Atchley, 1973
- Leptoconops montanus Konurbajev, 1965
- Leptoconops montigenus Clastrier, 1981
- Leptoconops mooloolabaensis (Smee), 1966
- Leptoconops myersi (Tonnoir), 1924
- †Leptoconops myanmaricus Szadziewski, 2004[8]
- Leptoconops nachitschevanicus Dzhafarov, 1961
- Leptoconops nevilli Clastrier, 1981
- Leptoconops nicolayi de Meillon, 1937
- Leptoconops nigripes Dzhafarov, 1961
- Leptoconops nipponensis Tokunaga, 1937
- Leptoconops nivalis Smee, 1966
- Leptoconops noei Clastrier and Coluzzi, 1973
- †Leptoconops nosopheris Poinar, 2008[11]
- Leptoconops obscurus Smee, 1966
- Leptoconops panamensis Ronderos and Spinelli, 1993
- Leptoconops parvichelus Chanthawanich and Delfindao, 1967
- Leptoconops patagoniensis Ronderos, 1990
- Leptoconops pavlovskyi Dzhafarov, 1961
- Leptoconops peneti (Langeron), 1913
- Leptoconops petrocchiae Shannon and Del Ponte, 1927
- Leptoconops primaevus Borkent, 1995
- Leptoconops pseudosetosifrons (Smee), 1966
- Leptoconops pugnax Clastrier, 1973
- Leptoconops reesi Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
- Leptoconops rhodesiensis Carter, 1921
- Leptoconops ricardoi Ronderos and Spinelli, 1992
- Leptoconops riverinaensis Smee, 1966
- †Leptoconops rossi Szadziewski, 2004[8]
- Leptoconops rufiventris (Kieffer), 1923
- Leptoconops setosifrons (Smee), 1966
- Leptoconops shangweni Xu and Yu, 1989
- Leptoconops siamensis Carter, 1921
- Leptoconops sibericus Szadziewski, 1996
- Leptoconops smeei Wirth and Atchley, 1973
- Leptoconops spinosifrons (Carter), 1921
- Leptoconops stygius Skuse, 1889
- Leptoconops sublettei Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
- Leptoconops succineus Szadziewski, 1988
- Leptoconops tarimensis Yu, 1982
- Leptoconops tenebrostigmatus Mazumdar, Saha & Chaudhuri, 2010[1]
- Leptoconops tibetensis Lee, 1978
- Leptoconops torrens (Townsend), 1893
- Leptoconops transversalis (Kieffer), 1921
- Leptoconops turkmenicus Molotova, 1967
- Leptoconops umbellifer Clastrier, 1981
- Leptoconops vargasi Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
- Leptoconops venezuelensis Ortiz, 1952
- Leptoconops vexans (Kieffer), 1921
- Leptoconops wehaiensis Yu and Xue, 1988
- Leptoconops werneri Wirth and Atchley, 1973
- Leptoconops whitseli Clastrier and Wirth, 1978
- Leptoconops woodhilli Lee, 1948
- Leptoconops xuthosceles Chanthawanich and Delfinado, 1967
- Leptoconops yalongensis Yu and Wang, 1988
- Leptoconops yunhsienensis Yu, 1963
- †Leptoconops zherikhini Szadziewski & Arillo, 2003[4]
References
- ^ a b c d Mazumdar, Abhijit; Saha, Narayan; Chaudhuri, Prasanta (21 September 2010). "Blood sucking midges of Leptoconops (Holoconops Kieffer) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from India". Zootaxa. 2619: 49–55. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2619.1.5.
- ^ Borkent, Art; Wirth, Willis W (24 July 1997). "World Species of Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (233): 1.
- ^ a b c Choufani, J; Azar, D; Perrichot, V; et al. (December 2011). "The genus Leptoconops Skuse (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Early Cretaceous Charentese amber". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 91 (4): 285–291. doi:10.1007/s12549-011-0057-1.
- ^ a b c d Szadziewski, Ryszard; Arillo, Antonio (15 October 2003). "The oldest fossil record of the extant subgenus Leptoconops (Leptoconops)(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 46: 271–275.
- ^ Szadziewski, R (May 2015). "A blood sucking biting midge from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber with a key to the determination of fossil species in the relictual genus Leptoconops Skuse (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)". Cretaceous Research. 54: 255–259. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.12.013.
- ^ Arillo, Antonio; Penalver, Enrique; Delclos, Xavier (31 October 2008). "Microphorites (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from the Lower Cretaceous amber of San Just (Spain), and the co-occurrence of two ceratopogonid species in Spanish amber deposits". Zootaxa. 1920: 29–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1920.1.2.
- ^ a b c Borkent, Art (26 April 2001). "Leptoconops (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the Earliest Extant Lineage of Biting Midge, Discovered in 120-122 Million-Year-Old Lebanese Amber". American Museum Novitates. 3328: 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)328<0001:ldctee>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/2945.
- ^ a b c Szadziewski, Ryszard (23 July 2004). "Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Burmese Amber, Myanmar". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2 (2): 115–121. doi:10.1017/s1477201904001178.
- ^ Choufanni, Joanna; Perrichot, Vincent; Azar, Dany; Nel, Andre (1 December 2014). "New Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Late Cretaceous Vendean Amber". Paleontological Contributions. 10H.
- ^ Yu, Yixin (March 1997). "A New Species of Leptoconops Midge from Wudang Mountain, Hubei Province, China (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)". Entomologia Sinica. 4 (1): 56–58. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.1997.tb00072.x.
- ^ Poinar Jr., George (August 2008). "Leptoconops nosopheris sp. n. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and Paleotrypanosoma burmanicus gen. n., sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a biting midge--trypanosome vector association from the Early Cretaceous". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 103 (5): 468–71. doi:10.1590/s0074-02762008000500010.