Khawarnaq was a medieval castle constructed by the Arab Lakhmids near their capital of al-Hira. The castle is mentioned in both Arabic and Persian sources, albeit it is difficult to determine what information is historical and what is myth.^[1]

• Würsch, Renate (2013). "Ḵawarnaq". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XVI/2: Kassites–Kégl, Sándor. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 143–145. ISBN 978-1-934283-39-4.

• Loosley, Emma (2018). "Khawarnaq". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
• Massignon, L. (1978). "al- K̲h̲awarnaḳ". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 1133. OCLC 758278456.