Karluk Yabghu
Karluk Yabghu State | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 756–840 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Capital | Suyab later Balasagun | ||||||||
| Common languages | Karluk Turkic | ||||||||
| Religion | Tengriism, Nestorian Christianity[1] | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 756 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 840 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan | ||||||||
The Karluk Yabghu State (simplified Chinese: 葛逻禄叶护国; traditional Chinese: 葛邏祿葉護國; pinyin: Géluólù Yèhùguó) was a polity ruled by Karluk tribes.
History
The first information about the tribes of karluks that occupied the territory between Altai and the Eastern coast of Lake Balkhash dates back to the 5th century.[5] The Karluks were part of the First Turkic and Uyghur khaganates. They were composed of three tribes, therefore their ruler mostly called Sanxing Yabghu (Chinese: 三姓葉護; lit. 'Yabghu of Three Tribes') in 8th century.[6] In 742, they were named "Right Yabghu" by Basmyl khagan Ashina Shi. Like Basmyls, they were ruled by a branch of Ashina tribe.[7]
Karluk chief Bilge Yabghu Tun Apa Yigen Chor (Chinese: 毗伽葉護頓阿波移健啜; pinyin: Píjiā Yèhù Dùn ābō Yíjiàn Chuài) submitted to Uyghur khaganate in 746.[8] He may be same person as Yigen Chor (𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰲𐰆𐰺) mentioned in Kul-Chor stele.[9]
He was succeeded by Tun Bilge Yabghu (Chinese: 頓毗伽葉護; pinyin: Dùn Píjiā Yèhù) in 753.[8] A ruler of Karluks were mentioned in Turco-Manichean book "Sacred book of two fundamentals" (Iki Jïltïz Nom), fragments of which were found in 1907 at Kara-Khoja in the Turpan oasis by Albert von Le Coq. The book was dedicated to the ruler of the Chigil tribes, named Alp Burguchan, Alp Tarhan, Alp İl Tirgüg.[10] He probably was the one who conquered Turgesh state and resettled Karluks in Zhetysu basin, making Suyab their capital.[11]
Another ruler was Köbäk,[12] whose coins were found in modern Kyrgyzstan.[11]
When the Yenisei Kyrgyz destroyed the Uyghur Khaganate in 840, Karluk yabghu declared himself khagan with title Bilge Kul Qadir Khan, forming the Kara-Khanid Khanate.[13]
![Anikova dish horseman, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[14]](https://www.bahnsport-info.de/bahnsport-info-wikipedia/langbahn-team-weltmeisterschaft/?rdp_we_resource=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAnikova_dish_horseman.jpg)
![Anikova dish, two horsemen, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[14]](https://www.bahnsport-info.de/bahnsport-info-wikipedia/langbahn-team-weltmeisterschaft/?rdp_we_resource=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAnikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg)
![Anikova dish, two horsemen with banner, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[14]](https://www.bahnsport-info.de/bahnsport-info-wikipedia/langbahn-team-weltmeisterschaft/?rdp_we_resource=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAnikova_horsemen.jpg)
| History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century |
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See also
References
- ^ Sims, Eleanor (2002). Peerless images: Persian painting and its sources. New Haven. p. 294. ISBN 978-0300090383.
- ^ Sims, Eleanor (2002). Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources. New Haven : Yale University Press. pp. 293–294. ISBN 978-0-300-09038-3.
- ^ "Hermitage Museum".
- ^ Gorelik, Michael (1979). "Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art", by Michael Gorelik, in: Islamic Arms and Armour, ed. Robert Elgood, London 1979. Robert Elgood.
- ^ "Карлукское государство (756—940 гг.)". e-history.kz (in Russian). 2 August 2013. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ Erkoç, Hayrettin İhsan (2008-10-23). Eski Türklerde Devlet Teşkilâtı (Gök Türk Dönemi) / State Organization of the Ancient Turks (The Türk Qaġanate Period) (Thesis).
- ^ Kli︠a︡shtornyĭ, S. G. (2004). Gosudarstva i narody Evraziĭskikh stepeĭ : drevnostʹ i srednevekovʹe. Sultanov, T. I. (Tursun Ikramovich) (2-e izd., isprav. i dop ed.). Sankt-Peterburg. ISBN 5858032559. OCLC 60357062.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Chavannes, Edouard (2007). Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) occidentaux recueillis et commentés suivi de Notes additionnelles. Bibliothèque Paul-Émile Boulet de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. OCLC 145840509.
- ^ "Kul-Chur's Memorial Complex". bitig.org. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
- ^ Zuev, I︠U︡. A. (2002). Rannie ti︠u︡rki : ocherki istorii i ideologii. Almaty. ISBN 9985441529. OCLC 52976103.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Salman, Hüseyin (Spring 2014). "The Issue of Qarluq State Establishment". Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi. doi:10.16985/MTAD.201417912 (inactive 1 November 2024). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ "Zeno - Oriental Coins Database - Qarluq AE coin, unique recent finding". www.zeno.ru. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
- ^ "Karluk Yabgu State (756-940)". 2 August 2013.
- ^ a b c Karamian, Gholamreza; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna (2017). Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets: the headgear in Iranian history. Siedlce Tehran: Institute of history and international relations, Faculty of Humanities, Siedlce University Department of archaeology and history, central Tehran branch, Tehran Azad University. p. 251, Fig. 37. ISBN 978-83-62447-19-0.