Kakuru

Kakuru; Temporal range: Aptian; ~120–113 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Skeletal diagram showing known bones
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	Tetanurae
Genus:	†Kakuru; Molnar & Pledge, 1980
Type species
	†Kakuru kujani; Molnar & Pledge, 1980

Kakuru is a dubious genus of theropod dinosaur from the early Cretaceous Period.

Discovery

Left tibia

The only described species, Kakuru kujani, is known primarily from evidence of a single tibia, which had been fossilised through a rare process in which the bone through hydration turned to opal. The bone was dug up at the opal fields of Andamooka, South Australia. The opalised tibia was exhibited by a gem shop in 1973 and by chance brought to the attention of paleontologist Neville Pledge. The owner at the time, a certain A. Fleming, allowed pictures and two casts to be made but eventually the specimen was sold at an auction to an anonymous buyer. It was presumed lost to science. In 2004, however, the South Australian Museum succeeded in procuring the fossil for $22,000.^[1]

Kakuru was formally named in 1980 by Pledge and Ralph Molnar.^[2] The type species is Kakuru kujani. The generic name is that of a Rainbow Serpent of Australian Aboriginal mythology. The specific name is that of the local aboriginal tribe, the Kujani or Guyani.

One of the casts is the plastoholotype, SAM P17926. The specimen was discovered in the marine Bulldog Shale of the Marree Subgroup, dating to the Aptian. Apart from the tibia, the find included some small probable fibula fragments. Later a foot digit was referred that might have come from the same species, specimen SAM P18010, but the assignment is dubious. The tibia is broken into about ten larger pieces and roughly 33 centimetres long. It is very slender in build and shows the impression of the ascending process of the astragalus, an ankle bone itself lost. The process seems to have been very long and narrow.

Kakuru is believed to have been carnivorous, was bipedal and about two to three meters in length. This small dinosaur seems to have had long, slender legs.

Classification

Due to the paucity of the remains it has been difficult to establish the phylogenetic position of Kakuru. Molnar and Pledge gave no more precise determination than a Theropoda incertae sedis. The tibia provides two indications: its gracile form and the tall height and narrow width of the astragalar process. Both seems to point to the Coelurosauria, perhaps the Oviraptorosauria. However, in 2005 Oliver Rauhut pointed out that the Abelisauroidea also have a high ascending process of the astragalus. Two separate analyses in 2010 found the holotype tibia of Kakuru to have no distinguishing characteristics and could only be confidently placed in either Averostra or Tetanurae.^[3]^[4]

References

^ "Australian Age of Dinosaurs Kakuru kujani". www.australianageofdinosaurs.com. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
^ R. E. Molnar and N. S. Pledge, 1980, "A new theropod dinosaur from South Australia", Alcheringa 4: 281-287
^ Agnolin, Federico L.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Pais, Diego F.; Salisbury, Steven W. (24 May 2010). "A reappraisal of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaur faunas from Australia and New Zealand: evidence for their Gondwanan affinities". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (2): 257–300. doi:10.1080/14772011003594870.
^ Barrett, Paul M.; Kear, Benjamin P.; Benson, Roger B.J. (September 2010). "Opalized archosaur remains from the Bulldog Shale (Aptian: Lower Cretaceous) of South Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 34 (3): 293–301. doi:10.1080/03115511003664440. ISSN 0311-5518.