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Joycelyn Elders

Joycelyn Elders
15th Surgeon General of the United States
In office
September 8, 1993 – December 31, 1994
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byRobert A. Whitney (acting)
Succeeded byAudrey F. Manley (acting)
Personal details
Born
Minnie Lee Jones

(1933-08-13) August 13, 1933 (age 91)
Schaal, Arkansas, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Childrenat least 1 son
EducationPhilander Smith College (BS)
UA Little Rock (MD, MS)
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Army
USPHSCC
Years of serviceArmy: 1953–56
USPHS: 1993–94
RankVice Admiral

Minnie Joycelyn Elders (born Minnie Lee Jones; August 13, 1933) is an American pediatrician and public health administrator who served as Surgeon General of the United States from 1993 to 1994. A vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, she was the second woman, second person of color, and first African American to serve as Surgeon General.

Elders is known for her frank discussion of her views on controversial issues such as drug legalization, masturbation, and distributing contraception in schools.[1] She was forced to resign in December 1994 amidst controversy as a result of her views. She is currently a professor emerita of pediatrics at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.

Early life and education

Elders was born Minnie Lee Jones in Schaal, Arkansas,[2] to a poor, farm sharecropping family, and was the eldest of eight children, and valedictorian of her school class.[3] The family also spent two years near a wartime shipyard in Richmond, California before returning to Schaal. In college, she changed her name to Minnie Joycelyn Lee. In 1952, she received her B.S. degree in Biology from Philander Smith College in Little Rock, Arkansas, where she also pledged Delta Sigma Theta. She married briefly to Cornelius Reynolds, a Federal employee, and later to Oliver Elders, a basketball coach. After working as a nurse's aide in a Veterans Administration hospital in Milwaukee for a period, she joined the United States Army in May 1953 and became a 2nd Lieutenant. During her 3 years in the Army, she was trained as a physical therapist. She then attended the University of Arkansas Medical School, where she obtained her M.D. degree in 1960. After completing an internship at the University of Minnesota Hospital and a residency in pediatrics at the University of Arkansas Medical Center, Elders earned an M.S. in Biochemistry in 1967.

Director of Arkansas Department of Health

In 1987, then-governor Bill Clinton appointed Elders as Director of the Arkansas Department of Health, making her the first African-American woman in the state to hold this position. Some of her major accomplishments while in office include reducing the teen pregnancy rate by increasing the availability of birth control, counseling, and sex education at school-based clinics; a tenfold increase in early childhood screenings from 1988 to 1992 and a 24 percent rise in the immunization rate for two-year-olds; and an expansion of the availability of HIV testing and counseling services, breast cancer screenings, and better hospice care for the elderly. She also worked hard to promote the importance of sex education, proper hygiene, and prevention of substance abuse in public schools. In 1992, she was elected President of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officers.[4]

Experiences with racism

Elders believed that opposition to her Surgeon General nomination was driven by sexism and racism. "Some people in the American Medical Association, a certain group of them, didn't even know that I was a physician. They were passing a resolution to say that from now on every Surgeon General must be a physician—which was a knock at me. ... They don't expect a black female to have accomplished what I have and to have done the things that I have."[5]

During an interview, she was asked if she related to Shirley Chisholm's statement about feeling more oppressed as a woman than as an African American, and replied by saying, "I am who I am because I'm a black woman."[6] Elders was able to be the voice for the African-American community and speak on poverty and its role in teenage pregnancy, which is a major issue within the community. Poor African-American teenage mothers are "captive to a slavery the 13th Amendment did not anticipate,"[7] which is a major reason why she stressed the importance of teaching sex education in public schools.

Views on sex education

As an endocrinologist, Elders was especially concerned with young diabetic women getting pregnant. If young teen women who have diabetes get pregnant, they have a high chance of their bodies rejecting the fetus or the fetus developing abnormalities in utero. To prevent these pregnancies from happening, she thoroughly talked to her patients about the dangers of early pregnancy and the importance of using contraceptives, and taking control of their sexuality as soon as they began puberty. Of the approximately 260 young diabetic women she treated, only one of them became pregnant.[4][8]

Sex education for young African-American women

Elders strongly advocated sex and reproductive education, especially in African-American communities. She criticized older textbooks[which?] that said only white females had naturally regular periods, because white females were on birth control to regulate their periods. Black females did not readily seek out birth control because their "[black] ministers were up on the pulpit saying the birth control pills were black genocide." She was very vocal about her disgust with black men exploiting black women and stripping them of their reproductive health choices, because "If you can't control your reproduction, you can't control your life."[9]

Surgeon General of the United States

Elders has received a National Institutes of Health career development award, also serving as assistant professor in pediatrics at the University of Arkansas Medical Center from 1967. She was promoted to associate professor in 1971 and professor in 1976. Her research interests focused on endocrinology, and she received board certification as a pediatric endocrinologist in 1978, becoming the first person in the state of Arkansas to do so.[3] Elders received a D.Sc. degree from Bates College in 2002.

In January 1993, Bill Clinton appointed her as the United States Surgeon General, making her the first African American and the second woman (following Antonia Novello) to hold the position. At her confirmation hearing, Elders responded to criticism over an incident in which she decided not to notify the public that condoms her department had been distributing in Arkansas had been found to be defective, with a failure rate ten times the allowed rate. Elders said that "I don't know" whether the decision had been correct, but she had believed at the time that public disclosure could lead to a public loss of faith in the efficacy of condoms, which would have been the greater danger.[10] She was a controversial choice and a strong backer of the Clinton health care plan, so she was not confirmed until September 7, 1993. As Surgeon General, Elders quickly established a reputation for being controversial. Like many of the Surgeons General before her, she was an outspoken advocate of a variety of health-related causes. She argued for an exploration of the possibility of drug legalization, and backed the distribution of contraceptives in schools. President Clinton stood by Elders, saying that she was misunderstood.[1]

Views on drug legalization

Elders drew fire, as well as censure from the Clinton administration, when she suggested that legalizing drugs might help reduce crime and that the idea should be studied. On December 15, 1993, around one week after making these comments, charges were filed against her son Kevin for selling cocaine in an incident involving undercover officers four months prior. Elders believes the incident was a frame-up and the timing of the charges was designed to embarrass her and the president.[11] Kevin Elders was convicted, and he was sentenced to 10 years in prison, of which he served four months.[12][13] He appealed his conviction to the Arkansas Supreme Court, and that court affirmed the conviction. The court held that Elders failed to show that he was entrapped into making the narcotics sale.[14] There was no further appeal.

Comments on abortion and masturbation

See also: National Masturbation Day

In January 1994 in the context of abortion, Elders said, "We really need to get over this love affair with the fetus and start worrying about children."[9]

Later that year, she was invited to speak at a United Nations conference on AIDS. She was asked whether it would be appropriate to promote masturbation as a means of preventing young people from engaging in riskier forms of sexual activity, and she replied, "As per your specific question in regard to masturbation, I think that is something that is a part of human sexuality and it's a part of something that perhaps should be taught. But we've not even taught our children the very basics. And I feel that we have tried ignorance for a very long time and it's time we try education."[15]

Resignation

Elders' comments on masturbation caused great controversy and resulted in Elders losing the support of the White House. Clinton's chief of staff, Leon Panetta, remarked, "There have been too many areas where the President does not agree with her views. This is just one too many."[1] In December 1994, Elders was forced to resign by President Clinton.[1][16][17] This led sex-positive retailer Good Vibrations in 1995 to proclaim May 28 as National Masturbation Day in honor of Elders' advocacy.[18][19]

A collection of Elders' professional papers is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.[20]

Post-governmental activities

The Dr. Joycelyn Elders School of Allied and Public Health at Philander Smith College

Since leaving her post as Surgeon General, Elders has returned to the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences as professor of pediatrics, and is currently professor emerita at UAMS.[21] She is a regular on the lecture circuit, speaking against teen pregnancy. She has appeared on TV in Penn and Teller: Bullshit! during the episode on abstinence, where she says that she considers abstinence-only programs to be child abuse and discusses her opinions on teenage sex education, masturbation and contraceptives. In 2009 Elders teamed up with the University of Minnesota to establish the nation's first chair in Sexual Health Education, a fund to attract and retain outstanding tenured sexual health education faculty in the Program in Human Sexuality at the University of Minnesota Medical School.[22] She is interviewed in the 2013 documentary How to Lose Your Virginity on her opinions regarding comprehensive sex education versus abstinence-only sex education.[23]

Elders was inducted into the Arkansas Women's Hall of Fame in 2016.[24]

In 2015, Philander Smith College, Elders' alma mater, established the Dr. Joycelyn Elders School of Allied and Public Health.[25]

In an October 15, 2010, article, she clearly voiced support for legalization of marijuana:[26]

I think we consume far more dangerous drugs that are legal: cigarette smoking, nicotine and alcohol ... I feel they cause much more devastating effects physically. We need to lift the prohibition on marijuana.

In 1997, Elders published a memoir.[27]

She received a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1991.[6] She was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa as an honoris causa initiate at SUNY Plattsburgh in 1996.

See also

  • Sticky: A (Self) Love Story, a documentary on masturbation including an interview with Elders about her experience being asked to resign from the Clinton administration

References

  1. ^ a b c d Duffy, Michael (December 19, 1994). "Getting Out the Wrecking Ball". Time. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
  2. ^ "Joycelyn Elders, MD, 15th US Surgeon General". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  3. ^ a b "Biography: Dr. M. Joycelyn Elders". NLM/NIH. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Joycelyn Elders". Encyclopedia of World Biography. The Gale Group Inc. 2004. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
  5. ^ Dreifus, Claudia (January 30, 1994). "Joycelyn Elders". New York Times. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
  6. ^ a b "Chronicle". The New York Times. June 26, 1991.
  7. ^ "Poor Mothers, Poorer Babies". New York Times. November 6, 1989.
  8. ^ "M. Joycelyn Elders". Changing the Face of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2003-10-14. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
  9. ^ a b Dreifus, Claudia (January 30, 1994). "Joycelyn Elders". The New York Times.
  10. ^ HEARING OF THE COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES, UNITED STATES SENATE ... ON M. JOYCELYN ELDERS, OF ARKANSAS. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1993. p. 50. ISBN 9780160446702. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  11. ^ Cynthia Cotts (October 30, 1995). "The Crucifixion of Kevin Elders". Albion Monitor. Archived from the original on July 7, 1997. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  12. ^ "Top Doc's Son Gets 10 Years". Time. August 29, 1994. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  13. ^ "After the Storm, Still No Calm". New York Times. October 10, 1996. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  14. ^ Elders v. State, 321 Ark. 60, 900 S.W.2d 170 (1995).
  15. ^ Cannon, Carl (December 10, 1994). "Clinton fires surgeon general". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  16. ^ Mitchell, Alison (November 6, 1996). "President Clinton Makes a Celebratory Return to His Starting Point in Arkansas". The New York Times. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  17. ^ Dash, Leon (January 1997). "Joycelyn Elders: From Sharecropper's Daughter to Surgeon General of the United States of America". The Washington Monthly. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  18. ^ "Clinton Fires Surgeon General Over New Flap". Los Angeles Times. December 10, 1994.
  19. ^ Silver, Matty (April 14, 2015). "Make time for yourselves during National Masturbation Month in May". Retrieved May 28, 2016.
  20. ^ "Jocelyn Elders Surgeon-General Speech Collection 1992–1994". National Library of Medicine.
  21. ^ Ambrose, Susan A. (1997). Journeys of Women in Science and Engineering: No Universal Constants. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1566395275.
  22. ^ Program Human Sexuality (2016-07-15). "Joycelyn Elders Chair in Sexual Health Education". Program in Human Sexuality − University of Minnesota. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
  23. ^ Gray, Emma (May 7, 2012). "Therese Shechter, Director Of Film 'How To Lose Your Virginity,' Talks Female Sexuality, 'Purity' And The Virgin-Whore Complex". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  24. ^ "Dr. M. Joycelyn Elders". Arkansas Women's Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  25. ^ "Philander Forward". Philander Smith College. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022. Established August 27, 2015
  26. ^ Nagourney, Adam (October 15, 2010). "U.S. Will Enforce Marijuana Laws, State Vote Aside". The New York Times.
  27. ^ Joycelyn Elders, Joycelyn Elders, M.D.: From Sharecropper's Daughter to Surgeon General of the United States of America, Harper Perennial (1997)
  • Joycelyn Elders, M.D. by Dr. Joycelyn Elders and David Chanoff. Another Surgeon General's autobiography.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joycelyn_Elders