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Iraqi dinar

Iraqi dinar
  • دينار عراقي (Arabic)
  • دیناری عێراقی (Kurdish)
IQD 25,000 banknote from the 2003 series
ISO 4217
CodeIQD (numeric: 368)
Subunit0.001
Unit
SymbolIQD or د.ع‎
Denominations
Subunit
 1⁄1000fils[1]
Banknotes
 Freq. usedIQD 250, IQD 500, IQD 1,000, IQD 5,000, IQD 10,000, IQD 25,000
 Rarely usedIQD 50,000
CoinsIQD 25, IQD 50, IQD 100
Demographics
User(s) Iraq
Issuance
Central bankCentral Bank of Iraq
 Websitewww.cbi.iq
Valuation
Inflation1.79%
 SourceCentral Bank of Iraq, May 2015

The Iraqi dinar[a] (code: IQD)[2] is the currency of Iraq. The Iraqi dinar is issued by the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI). On 7 February 2023, the exchange rate with the US Dollar was US$1 = 1300 dinars.[3]

History

The Iraqi dinar entered circulation on 1 April 1932,[4][5][6][7][8] replacing the Indian rupee, which had been the official currency since the British occupation of the country in World War I, at a rate of 1 dinar = 11 rupees. The dinar was pegged at par with sterling until 1959 when, without changing its value, the peg was switched to the United States dollar at the rate of IQD 1 = US$2.80. By not following the US devaluations in 1971 and 1973, the official rate rose to US$3.3778, before a 5% devaluation reduced its rate to US$3.2169, a rate which remained until the Gulf War in 1990, although in late 1989 the black market rate was reported at five to six times higher than the official rate.[9]

Post-1990 developments

After the Gulf War in 1990, due to UN sanctions, Iraq was no longer able to place orders with De La Rue for further issues of the previously high quality notes, so new notes were produced. The pre-1990 notes became known as Swiss dinars while the new dinar notes were called Saddam dinars. Due to United States and the international sanctions on Iraq along with excessive government printing, the Saddam dinar currency devalued quickly. By late 1995, US$1 was valued at 3,000 Saddam dinars on the black market.

During the Iraqi no-fly zones conflict, Swiss dinars notes continued to circulate in the then politically isolated Kurdish-populated northern Iraq. The northern Iraqi Kurdistan government that was created as a result, refused to accept the inflated Saddam dinar notes (which were issued in huge amounts). Since the supply of Saddam dinar notes increased while the supply of Swiss dinar notes remained stable (even decreased because of notes taken out of circulation), the Swiss dinar notes appreciated against the Saddam dinar note. By having its own stable supply of the Swiss Iraqi dinars, the politically isolated region effectively evaded inflation, which ran rampant throughout the rest of the country.[10]

After Saddam Hussein was deposed in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Iraqi Governing Council and the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance printed more Saddam dinar notes as a stopgap measure to maintain the money supply until a new currency could be introduced.

Between 15 October 2003 and 15 January 2004, the Coalition Provisional Authority issued new Iraqi dinar notes and coins, with the notes printed by the British security printing firm De La Rue using modern anti-forgery techniques to "create a single unified currency that is used throughout all of Iraq and will also make money more convenient to use in people's everyday lives". Multiple trillions of dinars were shipped to Iraq and secured in the Central Bank[clarification needed] to exchange for Saddam dinar notes.[11] Saddam dinar notes were exchanged for the new dinars at par, while Swiss dinar notes were exchanged at a rate of one Swiss dinar = 150 new dinars.

Inflation and depreciation of the currency has continued since. On 19 December 2020, Iraq's Central Bank devalued the dinar by 24% to improve the government's revenue, which was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and low oil prices.[12] On 2 March 2019, the Central Bank's indicative exchange rate was IQD 1,190 = US$1.[13] and on 18 June 2021 it was IQD 1,460.5000 = US$1.

There is considerable confusion (perhaps intentional on the part of dinar sellers) around the role of the International Monetary Fund in Iraq. The IMF as part of the rebuilding of Iraq is monitoring Iraq's finances and for this purpose uses a single rate (not a sell/buy) of IQD 1170 per US$. This "program rate"[14] is used for calculations in the IMF monitoring program and is not a rate imposed on Iraq by the IMF. For a wider history surrounding currency in the region, see British currency in the Middle East.

Use in speculation and fraud since the Iraq war (2003–present)

There is little international demand for dinars, since Iraq has few exports other than oil, which is sold in US dollars. Thus there is often an extremely high exchange rate for dinars compared with other currencies.

However, the downfall of Saddam Hussein resulted in the development of a multi-million-dollar industry involving the sale of dinars to speculators. Such exchange services and companies sell dinars at an inflated price, pushing the idea that the dinar would sharply increase in value to a profitable exchange rate some time in the future, instead of being redenominated. This activity can be either a legitimate service to currency speculators, or foreign exchange fraud: at least one major such currency exchange provider was convicted of fraud involving the dinar.[15] This trade revived after the election of Donald Trump in November 2016, with many buyers believing that Trump would cause a sharp revaluation in the dinar (often referred to by the abbreviation "RV" by supporters of the dinar trade,) to an exchange rate comparable to the US dollar.[16]

In 2014, Keith Woodwell (director of the Utah Division of Securities) and Mike Rothschild (writer for Skeptoid blog) stated that the speculation over the Iraqi dinar originated from a misunderstanding of why the value of the Kuwaiti dinar recovered after the First Gulf War, leading to an assumption that the Iraqi dinar would follow suit after the fall of Saddam: Woodwell and Rothschild noted substantial differences in economic and political stability between Iraq and Kuwait, with Iraq facing pervasive sectarian violence amid near-total reliance on oil exports.[17][18]

In response to the growing concerns about fraud and scams related to investment in the Iraqi dinar, State agencies such as Washington State,[19] Utah,[20] Oklahoma,[21] Alabama[22] and others issued statements and releases warning potential investors. Further alerts were issued by news agencies.[23] These alerts usually warn potential investors that there is no place outside Iraq to exchange the dinar, that they are typically sold by dealers at inflated prices, and that there is little evidence to substantiate the claims of significant appreciation of their investment due to revaluation of the currency.

In February 2014, the Better Business Bureau included investing in the dinar as one of the ten most notable scams in 2013.[24] There has also been a book written on the subject.[25]

Coins

Coins were introduced in 1931 and 1932 in denominations of round 1 and 2 fils in bronze, and scalloped 4 and 10 fils in nickel. 20, 50, and 200 fils were 50% silver. The 200 fils coin is also known as a rial. Bronze substituted nickel in the 5 and 10 fils from 1938 to 1943 during the World War II period and reverted to nickel in 1953. Silver 100 fils coins were also introduced in 1953. These coins first depicted King Faisal I from 1931 to 1933, King Ghazi from 1938, and King Faisal II from 1943 until the end of the kingdom.

Following the establishment of the Iraqi Republic, a new series of coins was introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 fils, with the 25, 50, and 100 fils in silver until 1969. In this series an allegorical sun replaced the image of the king, shapes and sizes remained the same with the exception of the 1 fil which was decagon shaped. This image was then replaced by three palms in 1968. In 1970, 250 fils pieces were introduced, followed by 500 fils and IQD 1 coins in 1982. A number of the coins for 1982 were a commemorative series celebrating Babylonian achievements. During this period, many of the coins were identified by their shape due to being made of similar composition metals, as from 1980 onward 250 fils were octagonal, 500 fils square, and IQD 1 decagon shaped. Coin production ceased after 1990 due to the emergency conditions generated by the Gulf War and international sanctions.

In 2004, a new series of coins were issued in denominations of IQD 25, IQD 50 and IQD 100 and were struck in bronze, brass, and nickel-plated steel respectively. They are sparse in design and depict an abstract map of Iraq and the main rivers.

  • 4 Fils, 1933, obverse
    4 Fils, 1933, obverse
  • 4 Fils, 1933, reverse
    4 Fils, 1933, reverse
  • 10 fils 1938, obverse
    10 fils 1938, obverse
  • 50 fils 1938, obverse
    50 fils 1938, obverse
  • 50 fils 1938, reverse
    50 fils 1938, reverse
  • 10 fils 1959
    10 fils 1959
  • 50 fils 1982, reverse
    50 fils 1982, reverse
Value Diameter Weight Composition Obverse Reverse
IQD 25 17.4 mm[26] 2.5 g[26] Copper-plated steel[26] Inscriptions: "Central Bank of Iraq" and "25 dinars" Outline map of Iraq with the two rivers
IQD 50 22 mm[26] 4.34 g[26] Brass-plated steel[26] Inscriptions: "Central Bank of Iraq" and "50 dinars" Outline map of Iraq with the two rivers
IQD 100 22 mm[26] 4.3 g[26] Stainless steel[26] Inscriptions: "Central Bank of Iraq" and "100 dinars" Outline map of Iraq with the two rivers

Banknotes

A IQD 5 banknote depicting former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein.
Counterfeit IQD 25,000 banknote, supposed to be of the 2010 series.

On 16 March 1932, banknotes were issued by the government in denominations of 1⁄4, 1⁄2, 1, 5, 10 and 100 dinars. The notes were printed in the United Kingdom by Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co.[27] From 1932 to 1947, the banknotes were issued by the Iraqi currency board for the government of Iraq and banknotes were convertible into pound sterling. From 1947, the banknotes were issued by the National Bank of Iraq, then after 1954 by the Central Bank of Iraq.

100 dinars notes ceased production in the 1940s, however, the same denominations were used until 1978, when IQD 25 notes were introduced. In 1991, IQD 50 were introduced and IQD 100 reintroduced, followed in 1995 by IQD 250 notes and IQD 10,000 notes in 2002.

Banknotes that were issued between 1990 and October 2003, along with an IQD 25 note issued in 1986, bear an idealized engraving of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. Following the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq's currency was printed both locally and in China, using poor grade wood pulp paper (rather than cotton or linen) and inferior quality lithography (some notes were reputedly printed on presses designed for printing newspapers).

The primitive printing techniques resulted in a limitless variety in coloration and detail, one layer of the printing would be too faint while another would be too dark. Counterfeit banknotes often appeared to be of better quality than real notes[citation needed]. Some notes were very poorly cut, and some notes even lacked serial numbers. Despite the collapse in the value of the Iraqi dinar, the highest denomination printed until 2002 was IQD 250. In 2002, the Central Bank of Iraq issued an IQD 10,000 banknote to be used for "larger, and inter-bank transactions". This note was rarely accepted in practice due to fears of looting and counterfeiting. This forced people to carry around stacks of IQD 250 note for everyday use. The other, smaller notes were so worthless that they largely fell into disuse. This situation meant that Iraq, for the most part, had only one denomination of currency in wide circulation.

Currency printed before the Gulf War was often called the Swiss dinar, a term of obscure and uncertain origins. These notes were manufactured in England by De La Rue and were of significantly higher quality than those later produced under the economic sanctions that were imposed after the first Gulf War. After a change-over period, this currency was unendorsed by the Iraqi government. However, this old currency still circulated in Kurdish-populated parts of northern Iraq until it was replaced with the new dinar after the second Gulf War. During this time the Swiss dinar retained its value, whilst the new currency consistently lost value at sometimes 30% per annum.

In 2003, new banknotes were issued consisting of six denominations: IQD 50, IQD 250, IQD 1,000, IQD 5,000, IQD 10,000, and IQD 25,000. The notes were similar in design to notes issued by the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) in the 1970s and 1980s. An IQD 500 note was issued a year later, in October 2004. In the Kurdistan Region, the IQD 50 note is not in circulation.

In March 2014, the CBI began replacing banknotes with anti-counterfeiting enhanced versions that include SPARK optical security features, scanner readable guarantee threads in addition to braille embossing to assist vision-impaired persons.[28][29][30][31]

In February 2015, the CBI announced the removal from circulation on 30 April 2015 of the IQD 50 notes. Persons holding these banknotes were advised to immediately redeem them at their nearest bank for the IQD 250 and higher denomination dinar notes at a one-to-one rate at no charge.[32]

In November 2015, the CBI announced the introduction of a new IQD 50,000 banknote. This is the first new denomination banknote since the new series was first issued in 2003, and also the largest ever printed by the CBI. The current notes no longer depict Saddam Hussein and now feature inscriptions in Arabic, English and Kurdish.[33] The banknotes are printed using new security features from Giesecke & Devrient & De La Rue and measure 156 × 65 mm. They feature an outline map of Iraq showing the Euphrates & Tigris rivers as well as the Great Mosque of Samarra and the head of a purebred Arabian horse as a watermark.

In 2018, the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) released new designs for the 25,000, 10,000, 1,000, 500, and 250 dinar notes. However, the most notable change was with the 1,000-dinar note, which was redesigned after social media users noticed that Surah Al-Ikhlas was written in the center of its front side. In the new design, the Surah was replaced by the Assyrian flag.[34][35] Surah Al-Ikhlas is also written on the right side of the front of the 25,000-dinar note, and it remains in the new design. Investing in the Iraqi dinar (IQD) represents a high-risk financial strategy that attracts speculative investors hoping for potential future currency appreciation. The investment involves purchasing Iraqi dinars with U.S. dollars, based on speculation about Iraq's potential economic recovery. The Iraqi dinar's value is strictly controlled by the Iraqi government and does not freely float on global forex markets. This means that even if Iraq's economic conditions improve, the currency may not automatically increase in value. Investors face numerous significant challenges, including extremely limited trading volume, high transaction fees that can reach up to 20%, and widespread scams within the currency exchange market. Financial experts consistently warn about the risks associated with dinar investments. The currency's value remains heavily dependent on Iraq's complex political landscape, ongoing economic instability, and fluctuating oil prices. Despite Iraq's substantial oil reserves, which could potentially support future economic growth, purchasing dinars is not considered a reliable investment strategy. Alternative investment methods, such as investing directly in Iraqi stocks or companies, are generally recommended as more transparent and potentially more profitable approaches to engaging with Iraq's economic potential. The currency's fixed exchange rate and restricted trading options make it an particularly unattractive investment for international investors. As of September 2024, one U.S. dollar remains worth approximately 1,310.6 Iraqi dinars, underscoring the currency's current limited international value and speculative nature.[36]

Kingdom of Iraq dinar series (1932–1939)

Kingdom Dinar Series
Image Value Main Color Description
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse
IQD 1⁄4

(1932)

Green and black King Faisal I
IQD 1⁄2

(1932)

Red and black King Faisal I
IQD 1

(1932)

Black and dark brown King Faisal I
IQD 1

(1939)

Green and dark brown King Faisal II as a child Kingdom Coat of arms with 1 dinar written inside
IQD 5

(1932)

Red and black King Faisal I
IQD 10

(1932)

Dark brown and purple King Faisal I
IQD 100

(1932)

Yellow red and black King Faisal I
IQD 100

(1939)

Yellow Green and black King Faisal II as a child

Swiss dinar series (1979–1986)

Swiss Dinar Series
Image Value Main Color Description
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse
IQD 1⁄4 Green silo of basra Date palms
IQD 1⁄2 Brown the Arabic astrolabe Spiral minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra
IQD 1 Blue-green A gold dinar coin Mustansiriya Madrasah
IQD 5 Brown-violet and deep blue Gelî Ali Beg and its waterfall Al-Ukhaidir Fortress
IQD 10 Purple on blue and violet Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham Al-manara al-hadba fi al-Mawsil (the hunchbacked tower of the Great Mosque of al-Nuri)
IQD 25 Green and brown Horses Abbasid Palace
IQD 25 (1986) Brown, green and black on blue Saddam Hussein with Battle of al-Qādisiyyah in background Al-Shaheed Monument

1990–2003 series

1990–2002 Series
Image Value Main Color Description
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse
IQD 1⁄4 (1993) Green Palm trees Al-Bab al-wastaniy li-sur Baghdad (middle gate of the town wall of Baghdad)
IQD 1⁄2 (1993) Violet Astrolabe Great Mosque of Samarra
IQD 1(1992) Pink and green A gold dinar coin Mustansiriya Madrasah
IQD 5 (1990; not issued) Light red and pink Saddam Hussein, buildings at Hatra, statuette of Ur-Nammu (2111 to 2094 BC), King of Ur House (Mudhif) built by the marsh Arabs, or the Ma’dan, in southern Iraq, frieze from the Sumero-Akkadian period, eagle, found at Hatra, Sumerian weight stone ("duck weight"), golden head of a bull, decorating the front of a lyre covered with inlays
IQD 5 (1992) Red Saddam Hussein The Monument to the Unknown Soldier, King Hammurabi with the sun god Shamash
IQD 10 (1990; not issued) Blue Saddam Hussein, palm trees, scene of the Tigris River King Ashur-bani-pal galloping forward with bow and arrow, 645–635 BC
IQD 10 (1992) Blue-green Saddam Hussein and Ishtar gate Lamassu, Assyrian carving of a winged bull
IQD 25 (1990) Green Horses Abbasid Palace
IQD 25 (1986) Green-brown Saddam Hussein & Battle of Qadisiyah Al-Shaheed Monument
IQD 25 (2001) Green Saddam Hussein Ishtar gate / Lion of Babylon (statue)
IQD 50 (1991) Pink and green Saddam Hussein Great Mosque of Samarra
IQD 50 (1994) Brown and blue Saddam Hussein and the Al-Shaheed Monument Saddam Bridge
IQD 100 (1991) Green and purple Saddam Hussein Hands of Victory (Swords of Qādisīyah)
IQD 100 (1994) Blue Saddam Hussein and the Hisn al-Ukhaydir (Al-Ukhaidir Fortress) Baghdad Clock
IQD 100 (2002) Blue Saddam Hussein Old Baghdad
IQD 250 (1995) Violet Saddam Hussein and the Qadisiya hydroelectric dam Liberty Monument, Baghdad
IQD 250 (2002) Violet Saddam Hussein Dome of the Rock
IQD 500 (1995; not issued) Light pink Saddam Hussein, Baghdad tower (previously International Saddam Tower) Bridge of 14 July over Tigris River, Baghdad
IQD 10,000 (2002) Pink and violet Saddam Hussein, The Monument to the Unknown Soldier Mustansiriya Madrasah, Arabic astrolabe

2003–present

2003 Series
Image Value Main Color Description
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse
50 dinars 50 dinars IQD 50 Purple Grain silos at Basra Date palms
IQD 250 Blue An Astrolabe Spiral minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra
IQD 500 Blue-green Dukan Dam on the Little Zab river Lamassu, Assyrian carving of a winged bull
IQD 1,000 Brown A gold dinar coin Mustansiriya Madrasah, Baghdad
IQD 5,000 Dark blue Gelî Ali Beg and its waterfall Al-Ukhaidir Fortress
IQD 10,000 Green Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Mosul)
IQD 25,000 Red An Iraqi farmer holding a sheaf of wheat, a tractor and a gold dinar coin Carving of the Code of King Hammurabi
2013–2015 Series
Value Main Color Description
Obverse Reverse
IQD 10,000 Green Sculptor Jawad Saleem's Monument of Freedom at Liberation Square (Nasb al-Hurriyah) in Baghdad Al-manara al-hadba fi al-Mawsil (the hunchbacked tower of the Great Nurid mosque in Mosul)
IQD 25,000 Red An Iraqi farmer holding a jug, a tractor and a gold dinar coin Carving of the Code of King Hammurabi
IQD 50,000 Brown Water wheel on the Euphrates river, palm trees, Gali Ali Beg waterfall Fishermen, traditional reed house of the Mesopotamian marshes, rivers Euphrates and Tigris rivers on map
2018 Series
Value Main Color Description
Obverse Reverse
IQD 1,000 Brown A representation of an Assyrian star, man on a boat, inscription "Enlisting the marshes and Heritage of South Iraq in the World Heritage List" Mustansiriya Madrasah, Baghdad

Exchange rate

Current IQD exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD USD
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD USD
From XE.com: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD USD
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD USD

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Arabic: دينار عراقي, Arabic pronunciation: [diːˈnɑːr] Kurdish: دیناری عێراقی.

References

  1. ^ "Currency of Iraq: Iraqi dinar, today's rate". Mataf. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  2. ^ "Iraq". CIA.gov.
  3. ^ "Dollar to Iraqi Dinar Exchange Rate Today, Live 1 USD to IQD = 1462.4821 (Convert Dollars to Iraqi Dinar)". exchangerates.org.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  4. ^ Epstein, Mortimer (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1943. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. ISBN 978-0230270725.
  5. ^ Naval Intelligence Division (2014). Iraq & The Persian Gulf. Geographical handbook. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136892660.
  6. ^ Sassoon, Joseph (1987). Economic Policy in Iraq, 1932–1950. Cass. ISBN 1136285687.
  7. ^ "Iraq Monetary History". Dinar2u.com. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  8. ^ Symes, Peter; Hanewich, Murray; Al-Muderis, Layth. "The Bank Notes of the Iraq Currency Board". p j symes. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  9. ^ Wheeler, Tony. West Asia on a Shoestring. 2nd. Hawthorn, Australia: Lonely Planet, 1990.
  10. ^ Foote, Christopher; Block, William; Crane, Keith; Gray, Simon; et al. (Summer 2004). "Economic Policy and Prospects in Iraq". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 (3): 47–70. doi:10.1257/0895330042162395.
  11. ^ Coalition Provisional Authority. "Iraq Currency Exchange". Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
  12. ^ Payne, Andrew. "Iraq becomes latest country to devalue its currency". Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  13. ^ "Home". Central Bank of Iraq (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  14. ^ International Monetary Fund, Iraq: Letter of Intent, Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Memorandum of Understanding, 3 March 2011, p. 17.
  15. ^ "Owners of currency exchange business that made $600 million convicted of fraud" (Press release). Georgia, USA: U.S. Attorney’s Office, Northern District of Georgia. Department of Justice. 10 October 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  16. ^ Sommer, Will (20 November 2018). "Trump Fans Sink Savings Into 'Iraqi Dinar' Scam". The Daily Beast.
  17. ^ Rothschild, Mike (10 February 2014). "The Ugly Truth About the Iraqi Dinar". Skeptoid. Skeptoid Media. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  18. ^ Lee, Jasen (3 January 2014). "Long-running scam involves foreign currency". KSL-TV. Salt Lake City: Bonneville International Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  19. ^ "Consumer Alert: Iraqi Dinar Scams". Department of Financial Institutions. Washington state. 15 April 2011.
  20. ^ Bolton, Jennifer (3 January 2011). "Utah Division of Securities identifies Top Ten Investment Alerts for 2011" (PDF) (Press release). Salt Lake City: State of Utah Department of Commerce, Division of Securities. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  21. ^ Faught, Irving (2 February 2012). "PRESS RELEASE – IRAQI DINAR SCAMS" (Press release). Oklahoma Securities Commission. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015.
  22. ^ "INVESTOR ALERT – Understanding high-risk investments What you don't know CAN hurt you!" (PDF). Alabama Securities Commission. 12 March 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  23. ^ "Iraqi Dinar Investment – Fact or Fiction". WHNT. 9 May 2014.
  24. ^ "Top Ten Scams 2013". Arlington, VA: Better Business Bureau/. 11 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  25. ^ The Iraqi Dinar Scam: Why Buying the Dinar is for Dummies. Learning Markets. 30 April 2012.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cuhaj, George S., ed. (2011). Standard Catalog of World Coins, 2001-Date (5th ed.). Krause Publications. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-4402-1160-7.
  27. ^ Linzmayer, Owen (2012). "Iraq". The Banknote Book. San Francisco, CA: Banknote News.
  28. ^ "New Iraqi Dinar banknotes feature stronger security features". 11 May 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  29. ^ Iraq new 250- and 500-dinar notes confirmed Banknote News. 6 October 2014. Retrieved on 2014-11-30.
  30. ^ Iraq new 1,000-dinar note confirmed Banknote News. 5 October 2014. Retrieved on 2014-11-30.
  31. ^ Iraq new 5,000- and 25,000-dinar notes confirmed Banknote News. 29 November 2014. Retrieved on 2014-11-30.
  32. ^ "Central Bank Of Iraq To Remove 50 Dinar Banknotes From Circulation On April 30, 2015 «". marketersmedia.com. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  33. ^ Giammarino, Nick (13 November 2015). "Newly Released 50000 Iraqi Dinar Banknotes Released". Iraqi Dinar RV News. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  34. ^ "Central Bank of Iraq unveils new 1000 dinar banknote featuring Assyrian star". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  35. ^ "Iraq releases first notes since 2003". CoinWorld. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  36. ^ https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/081314/iraqi-dinar-investment-wise-investment.asp
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Dinar