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Huwara

This article is about the Palestinian town. For the archaeological site in Egypt, see Hawara. For the town in northern Jordan, see Huwwarah. For the ancient town in southern Jordan, see Humeima. For the Berber tribe, see El-Hawara.
Huwara
Howwarah
Municipality type C
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicحُوّارة
 • LatinHowwarah (official)
Huwara (unofficial)
Ḥuwwārah (technical)
Huwara
Huwara
Huwara is located in State of Palestine
Huwara
Huwara
Location of Huwara within Palestine
Coordinates: 32°09′09″N 35°15′24″E / 32.15250°N 35.25667°E / 32.15250; 35.25667
Palestine grid174/173
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateNablus
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
Area
 • Total
7,982 dunams (7.982 km2 or 3.082 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)[1]
 • Total
6,659
 • Density830/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
Name meaning"White marl"[2]

Huwara or Howwarah (Arabic: حُوّارة, romanized: Ḥuwwārah, pronounced [ħʊwˈwaːra] ⓘ)[3] is a Palestinian town located in the Nablus Governorate of the State of Palestine. Located in the northern Israeli-occupied West Bank, Huwara is on the main road connecting Nablus southwards to Ramallah and Jerusalem, approximately 4 miles (6 km) from Jacob's Well.[3] According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 6,659 in 2017.[1]

Huwara is a flashpoint town in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Huwara is on the main road to nearby Israeli settlements, leading to frequent clashes between Israeli soldiers and settlers and local Palestinians. Most notably, two Israeli civilian-settlers passing the town were shot by a Palestinian gunman in a shooting attack. In response to the shooting attack, the town was rampaged by hundreds of Israeli settlers, who torched Palestinian businesses and houses, leaving one dead and one hundred Palestinians injured.[4][5][6]

Israel constructed a bypass road around Huwara to avoid having the Israeli settlers pass through the Palestinian town.[7]

Location

Huwara is located 7.28 kilometers (4.52 mi) south of Nablus. It is bordered by Awarta, Odala and Beita to the east, Za'tara and Yasuf to the south, Jamma'in and Einabus to the west, and Asira al-Qibliya and Burin to the north.[8]

History

Antiquity

Huwara is an ancient site, and cisterns and rock-cut tombs have been found, together with remains of columns.[9] It has been suggested that Huwara should be identified with Horon, hometown of Sanballat the Horonite.[10]

Huwara is identified with the Samaritan village of Hivria (Hebrew: חוריא).[11]

Crusader period

Diya al-Din (1173−1245) noted that in the 12th and 13th centuries Huwara was inhabited by Muslims.[12] Finkelstein did not find any potsherds predating the Ottoman era.[13]

Ottoman period (1516–1917)

The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Jabal Qubal, part of Nablus Sanjak. It had a population of 87 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, goats and/or beehives, and a press for olives or grapes, in addition to "occasional revenues"; a total of 14,000 akçe.[14]

In 1838, Robinson described Huwara as a "large and old village".[15] It was also noted as a Muslim village, in Jurat Merda, south of Nablus.[16]

In the 1850s the Ottoman rulers withdrew their soldiers from the district (to be used in the Crimean War), and hence open hostility could ensue between different Palestinian factions.[17] In 1853, Huwara was engaged in a battle with the neighboring villages of Quza and Beita which left ten men and seven women dead.[18]

Victor Guérin visited the village in 1870. He found the village, (which he called Haouarah), to have about 800 inhabitants, and that it was divided into two districts, each administered by a sheikh. A oualy was dedicated to Abou en-Nebyh Sahin.[19]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Huwarah as a village "of stone and mud at the foot of Gerizim, just over the main road. It has an appearance of antiquity, and covers a considerable extent of ground".[20]

British Mandate period

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Huwara had a population of 921, all Muslims,[21] increasing slightly in the 1931 census, where Huwara (together with the smaller location Bir Quza) had 240 occupied houses and a population of 955, still all Muslims.[22]

In the 1945 statistics Huwwara had a population of 1,300, all Muslims,[23] with 7,982 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[24] Of this, 607 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 4,858 used for cereals,[25] while 129 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[26]

The first elementary school was established in 1947. Huwara Elementary as well as secondary schools serves infants from neighboring villages up to the present time.

Jordanian period

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Huwara came under Jordanian rule. The first elementary school was converted into secondary school in 1962. The first female elementary school was established in 1957.

The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,966 inhabitants.[27]

Post-1967

Since the 1967 Six-Day War, Huwara has been under Israeli occupation.

After the 1995 accords, 38% of Huwwara land was classified as Area B, the remaining 62% as Area C.[28]

According to Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, Israel has confiscated 282 dunams of Huwwara land for the Israeli settlement of Yitzhar.[29]

During the Second Intifada, in October 2000, the Huwwara Checkpoint was established north of Huwara, as one of the Israeli checkpoints around Nablus controlling traffic between this city and Ramallah.[30]

Entrance to Huwwara Checkpoint (2005)

Huwara has been the target of price tag attacks, random acts of violence by Jewish Israeli settlers. According to the International Middle East Media Center (IMEMC), in April 2010 settlers torched three Palestinian vehicles in Huwara,[31] while on 27 February 2011, in a price-tag attack against the evacuation of Havat Gilad, settlers threw molotov cocktails at a house in the village.[32] In March 2012 a Star of David was sprayed on a village mosque.[33] In March 2013, hours after the Tapuah Junction stabbing, Jewish settlers descended on Huwara in another price-tag attack. They attacked a bus carrying Palestinian schoolgirls with stones, shattering a wind-shield and wounding the driver.[34]

In October 2014, during the olive harvest season,[35] a fire razed to the ground huge swathes of Palestinian-owned agricultural land between the village of Huwara, near Nablus and the Yitzhar settlement in the West Bank, destroying over a hundred olive trees.[36] Although the cause of the fire has been contested, the mayor of Huwara claimed masked men from nearby Yitzhar and surrounding settlements set the fire by pouring incendiary fluids on the trees[36] and that the Israeli occupation forces prevented Palestinian citizens from reaching the lands in order to extinguish the fire. Later on, the Israeli forces allowed the civil defence from the adjacent Palestinian village of Burin to extinguish the fire, but only after it had expanded to an even larger area .[37] The burning and damaging of olive trees is an ongoing-concern of the United Nations,[31] a pattern the New York Times call "price tag" attacks.[38] The United Nations has reported that by 2013 "...Israeli settlers damaged or destroyed nearly 11,000 olive trees owned by the Palestinians in the occupied West Bank."[35][39]

The Huwwara Checkpoint was dismantled in 2011 in order to ease traffic between Nablus and Ramallah.[citation needed]

Its location on the main road, used by both Israelis from four Israeli settlements in the Nablus area and Palestinians from the Nablus area, is a controlling factor of the life in Huwara. The town has many businesses located on the road, which is controlled by the Israeli army to ensure free passage to Jews and Arabs.[40]

2023

Main articles: 2023 Huwara shooting, 2023 Huwara rampage, and August 2023 Huwara shooting
Antisemitic graffiti in Huwara, 2023

On 26 February 2023, a Palestinian gunman shot and killed two Israeli civilian-settlers aged 19 and 20 as they drove through Huwara. The shooting was condemned by Israel but praised by Palestinian militant groups. Those militant groups claimed the shooting attack was a response to an Israeli army incursion into Nablus that killed eleven Palestinians several days earlier.[41]

Soon after, Huwara was attacked by hundreds of Israeli settlers[6][42] who torched 30 homes and cars (some sources say "200 buildings" across "four Palestinian villages"[42]), and killed one Palestinian, in what international media sources characterized as an "unprecedented settler rampage".[43][44]

Witnesses and video evidence indicated that Israeli soldiers watched, but did not act to halt the violence.[42][45] The Israeli army was criticized for not intervening, despite expecting the violence.[46][47][48] But Israel's West Bank commander, Maj. Gen. Yehuda Fuchs, said the army was unprepared for the severity of the Huwara attack, calling it "a pogrom done by outlaws" -- a term historically applied to mob attacks against eastern European Jews in the 1800s and early 1900s.[47][46] The rampage was universally condemned by both Israeli and Palestinian politicians, even those on the Israeli far-right.[49]

Following the attack, Israel's new far-right Finance Minister, Bezalel Smotrich -- now with new authority over the West Bank[50] -- stated "I think the village of Huwara needs to be wiped out. I think the State of Israel should do it."[6][51][52] The remark triggered international condemnation from the U.N. Secretary General, the United States State Department (which called for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to renounce it[6][51][46]), Jordan, the United Arab Emirates and others.[47][53] The remark came before a scheduled major fund-raising visit by Smotrich to the United States, and multiple Jewish rights organizations called for the State Department to deny him entry.[52][53] In response to both external and internal criticism, Smotrich qualified his statement. He said he didn’t support completely wiping out Huwara, but rather called on Israel to wipe out militants and their supporters from Huwara in order to restore security in the region.[54]

Ruins of 'Pizza Eiffel' in Hawara following its demolition by the IDF in response to an advertisement involving an Israeli citizen kidnapped by Hamas.

In October 2023, after a surprise attack on Israel by Hamas in which the terrorists murdered over 800 Israeli civilians and took some 240 hostages, mostly civilians, a pizzeria in Huwara posted an advertisement mocking an elderly hostage. In response, the IDF proceeded to demolish the pizzeria.[55][56]

Demography

Diaspora

Huwara has a considerable diaspora. Inhabitants of Sufir, Beitunia, Mukhmas, and others can trace their lineage back to this village.[57]

References

  1. ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 229
  3. ^ a b Rix, 1907, p. 25
  4. ^ Gold, Hadas; Tal, Amir; Salman, Abeer (26 February 2023). "Two Israeli settlers killed in West Bank shooting, days after Israeli raid kills 11 Palestinians". CNN. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  5. ^ McKernan, Bethan (27 February 2023). "Israeli settlers rampage after Palestinian gunman kills two". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d "US prods Netanyahu to condemn Smotrich ‘incitement’ after call to wipe out Huwara," Archived 2023-03-03 at the Wayback Machine March 2, 2023, Times of Israel, retrieved March 3, 2023
  7. ^ "Huwara bypass road to open two months ahead of schedule". Jewish News Syndicate. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  8. ^ Huwwara Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 4
  9. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 804
  10. ^ Lipschits, O., Knoppers, G., Rainer Albertz (2007). Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E. Penn State Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-57506-580-9. OCLC 1266229513.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Avi-Yonah, Michael (1976). "Gazetteer of Roman Palestine". Qedem. 5: 65. ISSN 0333-5844.
  12. ^ Ellenblum, 2003, pp. 244, 263
  13. ^ Finkelstein, 1997, pp. 686-9
  14. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 132
  15. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 93
  16. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 127
  17. ^ Schölch, 1993, pp. 211-227
  18. ^ Finn, 1878, p. 298, cited in Avneri, 1984, p. 20
  19. ^ Guérin, 1874, p. 460
  20. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 284
  21. ^ Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Nablus, p. 25
  22. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 62
  23. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 18 Archived 2018-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 60 Archived 2018-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 106 Archived 2018-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 156 Archived 2018-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 25 Archived 2018-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Huwwara Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 15
  29. ^ Huwwara Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 16
  30. ^ Sandercock, Josie; et al. (2004). Peace Under Fire: Israel/Palestine and the International Solidarity Movement. Verso. p. 110. ISBN 1-84467-501-7.
  31. ^ a b Bannoura, Saed (13 May 2010), "Settler Torch Olive Orchard In Silwan", International Middle East Media Center, archived from the original on 5 April 2012, retrieved 18 November 2012
  32. ^ Yair Altman, Price tag: Palestinian cars vandalized in Hebron.' Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine in Ynet, 1 March 2011
  33. ^ Israeli firefighters: West Bank mosque fire likely arson Archived 2012-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, May, 06, 2010, Haaretz
  34. ^ Fleishman, Itamar (2013-04-30). "Settlers throw stones, burn fields after terror attack". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  35. ^ a b Booth, William (22 October 2014). "In West Bank, Palestinians gird for settler attacks on olive trees". Kfar Yassug, West Bank. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  36. ^ a b Kinder, Tabatha (24 October 2014). "Palestine: Jewish Settlers Torch 100 of World's Oldest Olive Trees". International Business News. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  37. ^ "Settlers burn 100 olive trees near Nablus in the occupied West Bank". Middle East Monitor. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  38. ^ Kershner, Isabel (3 October 2011). "Mosque Set on Fire in Northern Israel". New York Times. Jerusalem. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  39. ^ "Nearly 11,000 Palestinian-owned trees damaged by Israeli settlers in 2013", United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL), archived from the original on 22 January 2015, retrieved 23 January 2015
  40. ^ Friedman, Robert I. (2001-12-06). "And Darkness Covered the Land". The Nation. Archived from the original on 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  41. ^ "Two Israeli settlers killed in West Bank shooting, days after Israeli raid kills 11 Palestinians". CNN. 26 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  42. ^ a b c "Revenge Attacks After Killing of Israeli Settlers Leave West Bank in Turmoil," Archived 2023-03-04 at the Wayback Machine February 27, 2023, New York Times, retrieved March 3, 2023
  43. ^ "Israeli settlers rampage after Palestinian gunman kills two". The Guardian. 27 February 2023. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  44. ^ "Israel beefs up troops after unprecedented settler rampage". ABC News. 27 February 2023. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  45. ^ "Israeli settlers rampage through Palestinian towns in revenge for shooting," Archived 2023-03-03 at the Wayback Machine February 27, 2023, Washington Post retrieved March 3, 2023
  46. ^ a b c "Netanyahu under pressure from US, Israeli protests grow" Archived 2023-03-02 at the Wayback Machine March 1, 2023, Reuters, retrieved March 3, 2023
  47. ^ a b c Associated Press: "Israeli campaign raises funds for torched Palestinian town," March 2, 2023, The Washington Post, retrieved March 3, 2023
  48. ^ [ ","]
  49. ^ Joffre, Tzvi (26 February 2023). "Settlers rampage in Huwara, torch homes, cars after terror attack". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  50. ^ "Emboldened by Israel’s far right, Jewish settlers fan the flames of chaos," Archived 2023-03-02 at the Wayback Machine March 3, 2023, Washington Post, retrieved March 3, 2023
  51. ^ a b "State Dept. scolds Israeli minister who called for destruction of Palestinian village: ‘Disgusting’," Archived 2023-03-04 at the Wayback Machine March 1, 2023, Fox News, retrieved March 3, 2023
  52. ^ a b "US faces growing call to deny entry to Israel's Bezalel Smotrich," Archived 2023-03-03 at the Wayback Machine March 2, 2023, Al Jazeera, retrieved March 3, 2023
  53. ^ a b "Smotrich's DC visit still on amid uproar, but US officials not planning to meet him," Archived 2023-03-03 at the Wayback Machine March 3, 2023, Times of Israel, retrieved March 3, 2023
  54. ^ Dennis, Bihler (March 2023). "Finance Minister Smotrich: Israel should wipe out Huwara". Ynetnews. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  55. ^ "IDF demolishes Palestinian pizzeria in West Bank that posted ad mocking elderly hostage in Gaza". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  56. ^ Kimon, Elisha Ben (2023-10-13). "IDF razes Palestinian pizzeria that posted ad mocking elderly hostage in Gaza". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  57. ^ Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 355

Bibliography

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwara