Noble titles in Poland
The hierarchy of noble titles in Poland was relatively uncommon throughout most of its history. Polish nobility szlachta enjoyed the principle of political equality of all its members.[1] For this reason the idea of introducing the noble / aristocratic titles was strongly opposed, with a number of exceptions.[2]
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
After Polish–Lithuanian unions, aristocratic titles of the Lithuanian nobility and Ruthenian nobility (Polish: kniaź, Ruthenian: knyaz, Lithuanian: kunigaikštis) were preserved.
The title książę was used to translate foreign titles of prince or duke.
Polish magnates readily accepted the foreign aristocratic titles.
The title hrabia was matching to that of count. The title was adopted from Czech,[3] in which itself is a loanword from the Old German title grāve (cf. modern German Graf). Polish kings had the privilege to grant the title of hrabia, but they did this mostly for foreign nationals, as well as for Lithuanian and Ruthenian aristocrats. Examples of the latter are Chodkiewicz and Tyszkiewicz family.
The monarchs of the House of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperors gave out the titles of counts and dukes Sacri Imperii Romani. In Poland, this title was rendered as hrabia cesarstwa rzymskiego ("Count of the Roman Empire").
Just before the fall of the Commonwealth, the Polish sejm, against tradition, started giving out aristocratic titles, e.g., to Poniatowskis (1764) and a line of Ponińskis (1773, for Adam Karol książe Poniński, Marshal of the Sejm).
After the Partitions, the junior branch of Poninskis in Galicia (Eastern Europe) received the title of książę (Prinz) from Austria with the coat of arms Poniński (herb książęcy), while the elder branch received the title of hrabia (Graf) from Prussia with the coat of arms Poniński Hrabia.
Polish–Lithuanian Tatars used the title mirza. They were also given Polish-style titles of książę or hrabia.
Modern Poland
The 1921 March Constitution of Poland abolished all noble titles. However, the April Constitution of Poland abolished the March one, hence formally the legality of titles was restored. The interim Small Constitution of 1947 partially reverted to the March one, abolishing the titles again. The subsequent constitutions, both of Communist Poland and the modern one, say nothing of the titles. Therefore legally they remain abolished. However eurodeputy Róża Thun styles herself as Róża Maria Barbara Gräfin von Thun und Hohenstein in official documents ("Gräfin" is German for "countess").[4]
According to the Polish Nobility Association, there are quite a few "fraternities" and other organizations which endow their members with noble titles, preying on the ignorant, vain and ambitious.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Davies, Ivor Norman Richard; Dawson, Andrew Hutchinson; Jasiewicz, Krzysztof [in Polish]; Kondracki, Jerzy Aleksander [in Polish]; Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (2 June 2017). "Poland". Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 15. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
Ranging from the poorest landless yeomen to the great magnates, the szlachta insisted on the equality of all its members. As a political nation it was more numerous (8–10 percent) than the electorate of most European states even in the early 19th century.
- ^ Andrzej Jezierski, Cecylia Leszczyńska, Historia gospodarcza Polski, 2010, p. 73
- ^ Basaj, Mieczysław; Siatkowski, Janusz (1967). "Przegląd wyrazów uważanych w literaturze naukowej za bohemizmy" [Review of Words Considered to be Bohemisms in the Scientific Literature]. Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej (in Polish). 6: 7–24. ISSN 2392-2435.
- ^ "Czy używanie tytułów arystokratycznych jest w Polsce legalne? I co na to Unia?", salon24.pl, August 15, 2017
- ^ "Fałszywe genealogie herbowe i bezwartościowe tytuły arystokratyczne są coraz bardziej pożądane"