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Hoary marmot

Hoary marmot
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Sciuridae
Genus: Marmota
Subgenus: Marmota (Petromarmota)
Species:
M. caligata
Binomial name
Marmota caligata
(Eschscholtz, 1829)

The hoary marmot (Marmota caligata) is a species of marmot that inhabits the mountains of northwest North America. Hoary marmots live near the tree line on slopes with grasses and forbs to eat and rocky areas for cover.

It is the largest North American ground squirrel and is often nicknamed "the whistler" for its high-pitched warning issued to alert other members of the colony to possible danger. The animals are sometimes called "whistle pigs". Whistler, British Columbia, originally London Mountain because of its heavy fogs and rain, was renamed after these animals to help make it more marketable as a resort.[3] The closest relatives of the species are the yellow-bellied, Olympic, and Vancouver Island marmots, although the exact relationships are unclear.[4][5]

Description

Hoary marmot near Helen Lake, Banff National Park, Canada

The hoary marmot is a large, bulky, ground squirrel, with short, heavy limbs, and a broad head. Adults range from 62 to 82 cm (24 to 32 in) in total length, including a 17 to 25 cm (6.7 to 9.8 in) tail. The species is sexually dimorphic, with males being significantly larger than females in most subspecies. Because of their long winter hibernation, during which they survive on fat reserves, the weight of the animals varies considerably over the course of the year, from an average of 3.75 kg (8.3 lb) in May to around 7 kg (15 lb) in September, for a fully grown adult.[6] A few fall adult males can commonly range up to a weight of 10 kg (22 lb).[7] The record sized autumn male specimen attained a mass of nearly 13.5 kg (30 lb), possibly the largest size known for any marmot.[8] Going on its average size relative to other marmot species, it is slightly smaller on average than the Olympic marmot, similar in size to the Vancouver Island marmot and broadly overlaps in size with several lesser-known Asian marmot species as well.[6][9][10][11]

The word "hoary" refers to the silver-gray fur on their shoulders and upper back; the remainder of the upper parts have drab- or reddish-brown fur. The head is black on the upper surface, with a white patch on the muzzle, white fur on the chin and around the lips, and grizzled black or brown fur elsewhere. The feet and lower legs are black, sometimes with white patches on the fore feet. Marmots have long guard hairs that provide most of the visible colour of their pelage, and a dense, soft underfur that provides insulation. The greyish underparts of the body lack this underfur, and are more sparsely haired than the rest of the body.[12] Hoary marmots moult in the early to mid summer.[6]

The feet have slightly curved claws, which are somewhat larger on the fore feet than on the hind feet. The feet have hairless pads, enhancing their grip. The tail is long, slightly flattened, and covered with dense fur. Apart from the larger size of the males, both sexes have a similar appearance. Females have five pairs of teats, running from the pectoral to the inguinal regions.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Range of the hoary marmot (Marmota caligata).[13]

The hoary marmot predominantly inhabits mountainous alpine environments to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) elevation, although coastal population also occur at or near sea level in British Columbia and Alaska.[6] Hoary marmots occur from southern Washington and central Idaho north, and are found through much of Alaska south of the Yukon River.[14][6] They live above the tree line, at elevations from sea level to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), depending on latitude, in rocky terrain or alpine meadows dominated by grasses, sedges, herbs, and Krummholz forest patches.[6] Range maps often erroneously depict hoary marmots occurring north of the Yukon River in Alaska, this region is occupied by the Alaska marmot (M. broweri) and not the hoary marmot.[14] Hoary marmots also occur on several islands in Alaska and fossils dating back to the Pleistocene, including some from islands no longer inhabited by the species.[15]

The three currently recognized subspecies are:

Behaviour and diet

Hoary marmots are diurnal and herbivorous, subsisting on leaves, flowers, grasses, and sedges. Predators include golden eagles, grizzly and black bears, wolverines, coyotes, red foxes, lynxes, wolves, and cougars. They live in colonies of up to 36 individuals, with a home range averaging about 14 hectares (35 acres). Each colony includes a single, dominant, adult male, up to three adult females, sometimes with a subordinate adult male, and a number of young and subadults up to two years of age.[6]

Basking behaviour, near Juneau, Alaska
Wrestling behaviour, Jasper National Park, Canada

The marmots hibernate seven to eight months a year in burrows they excavate in the soil, often among or under boulders. Each colony typically maintains a single hibernaculum and a number of smaller burrows, used for sleeping and refuge from predators. The refuge burrows are the simplest and most numerous type, consisting of a single bolt hole 1 to 2 metres (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in) deep. Each colony digs an average of five such burrows a year, and a mature colony may have over a hundred. Sleeping burrows and hibernacula are larger and more complex, with multiple entrances, deep chambers lined with plant material, and stretching to a depth of about 3.5 metres (11 ft). A colony may have up to 9 regular sleeping burrows, in addition to the larger hibernaculum.[16] Many forms of social behaviour have been observed among hoary marmots, including play fighting, wrestling, social grooming, and nose-to-nose touching. Such activity becomes particularly frequent as hibernation approaches. Interactions with individuals from other colonies are less common, and usually hostile, with females chasing away intruders. Hoary marmots are also vocal animals, with at least seven distinct types of calls, including chirps, whistles, growls, and whining sounds.[17] Many of these calls are used as alarms, alerting other animals to potential predators. They also communicate using scent, both by defecation, and by marking rocks or plants using scent glands on their cheeks.[6]

Hoary marmot in Glacier National Park

Hoary marmots frequently sun themselves on rocks, spending as much as 44% of their time in the morning doing so, although they will shelter in their burrows or otherwise seek shade in especially warm weather. They forage for the rest of the day, returning to their burrows to sleep during the night.[6]

In areas frequented by people, hoary marmots are not shy. Rather than running away at first sight, they will often go about their business[clarification needed] while being watched.[citation needed]

Mating occurs after hibernation, and two to four young are born in the spring. Males establish "harems", but may also visit females in other territories.

Reproduction

Hoary marmots breed shortly after,[18] or even before,[19] their emergence from hibernation burrows in May and in some areas (such as the eastern Cascade foothills of Washington State)[citation needed] as early as February. Courtship consists of sniffing the genital region, followed by mounting, although mounting has also been observed between females. Females typically raise litters only in alternate years, although both greater and lesser frequencies have been reported on occasion.[6][19]

Gestation lasts 25 to 30 days, so the litter of two to five young is born between late May and mid-June.[18] The young emerge from their birth den at three to four weeks of age, by which time they have a full coat of fur and are already beginning to be weaned.[20] The young are initially cautious, but begin to exhibit the full range of nonreproductive adult behavior within about four weeks of emerging from the burrow. Subadults initially remain with their birth colony, but typically leave at two years of age, becoming fully sexually mature the following year.[6]

References

  1. ^ Cassola, F. (2018). "Marmota caligata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T42456A122560084. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T42456A122560084.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Marmota caligata. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org Archived 2014-06-27 at the Wayback Machine. Downloaded on 25 February 2015.
  3. ^ BritishColumbia.com Archived 2007-04-04 at the Wayback Machine – Whistler, British Columbia
  4. ^ Kruckenhauser, L.; et al. (1999). "Marmot phylogeny revisited: molecular evidence for a diphyletic origin of sociality". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 37 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.1999.95100.x.
  5. ^ Steppan, S.J.; et al. (1999). "Molecular phylogeny of the marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae): tests of evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses". Systematic Biology. 48 (4): 715–34. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.333.3029. doi:10.1080/106351599259988. PMID 12066297.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Braun, J.K.; et al. (2011). "Marmota caligata (Rodentia: Sciuridae)". Mammalian Species. 43 (1): 155–171. doi:10.1644/884.1.
  7. ^ Hoary Marmot: Natural History Notebooks. Nature.ca. Retrieved on 2013-10-10.
  8. ^ Beer, Encyclopedia of North American Mammals: An Essential Guide to Mammals of North America. Thunder Bay Press (2004), ISBN 978-1-59223-191-1.
  9. ^ Edelman, Andrew J. (December 2003). "Marmota olympus". Mammalian Species. 736: 1–5. doi:10.1644/736. ISSN 0076-3519.
  10. ^ Murdoch, J. D., Munkhzul, T., Buyandelger, S., Reading, R. P., & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2009). The Endangered Siberian marmot Marmota sibirica as a keystone species? Observations and implications of burrow use by corsac foxes Vulpes corsac in Mongolia. Oryx, 43(3), 431-434.
  11. ^ Chaudhary, V., Tripathi, R. S., Singh, S., & Raghuvanshi, M. S. (2017). Distribution and population of Himalayan Marmot Marmota himalayana (Hodgson, 1841)(Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 9(11), 10886-10891.
  12. ^ Hoffmann, R.S.; et al. (1979). "The relationships of the Amphiberingian marmots (Mammalia: Sciuridae)". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. 83: 1–56.
  13. ^ Kerhoulas, Nicholas J.; Gunderson, Aren M.; Olson, Link E. (2015-08-03). "Complex history of isolation and gene flow in hoary, Olympic, and endangered Vancouver Island marmots". Journal of Mammalogy. 96 (4): 810–826. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv089. ISSN 0022-2372.
  14. ^ a b M., Gunderson, Aren; K., Jacobsen, Brandy; E., Olson, Link (2009-08-14). "Revised Distribution of the Alaska Marmot, Marmota broweri, and Confirmation of Parapatry with Hoary Marmots". Journal of Mammalogy. 90 (4): 859–869. doi:10.1644/08-MAMM-A-253.1. ISSN 0022-2372. S2CID 51772006.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Heaton, T.H.; et al. (1996). "An ice age refugium for large mammals in the Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska". Quaternary Research. 46 (2): 186–192. Bibcode:1996QuRes..46..186H. doi:10.1006/qres.1996.0058. S2CID 128501402.
  16. ^ Holmes, W.G. (1984). "Predation risk and foraging behavior of the hoary marmot in Alaska" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 15 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1007/BF00292992. hdl:2027.42/46873. S2CID 19252876.
  17. ^ Taulman, J.F. (1977). "Vocalizations of the hoary marmot, Marmota caligata". Journal of Mammalogy. 58 (4): 681–683. doi:10.2307/1380026. JSTOR 1380026.
  18. ^ a b Barash, D.P. (1981). "Mate guarding and gallivanting by male hoary marmots (Marmota caligata)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 9 (3): 187–193. doi:10.1007/BF00302936. S2CID 36862635.
  19. ^ a b Kyle CJ, Karels TJ, Davis CS, Mebs S, Clark B, Strobeck C, Hik DS (2007). "Social structure and facultative mating systems of hoary marmots (Marmota caligata)". Molecular Ecology. 16 (5): 1245–1255. Bibcode:2007MolEc..16.1245K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03211.x. PMID 17391410. S2CID 778354.
  20. ^ Barash, D.P. (1980). "The influence of reproductive status on foraging by hoary marmots (Marmota caligata)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 7 (3): 201–205. doi:10.1007/BF00299365. JSTOR 4599328. S2CID 29650060.

Further reading

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoary_marmot