Helvella

Helvella
	Helvella crispa
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Pezizomycetes
Order:	Pezizales
Family:	Helvellaceae
Genus:	Helvella; Fr.
Type species
	Helvella crispa; (Scop.) Fr. (1822)

Helvella is a genus of ascomycete fungus of the family Helvellaceae. The mushrooms, commonly known as elfin saddles, are identified by their irregularly shaped caps, fluted stems, and fuzzy undersurfaces. They are found in North America and in Europe. Well known species include the whitish H. crispa and the grey H. lacunosa. They have been reported to cause gastrointestinal symptoms when eaten raw.^[1]

Description

Species in Helvella have fruiting bodies (technically ascocarps) that grow above the ground, and usually have stems. The cup-like fruiting body (the apothecium) can assume a variety of forms: it may be shaped like an ear (auriculate), or a saddle; it may be convex or irregularly lobed and bent. The spore-bearing surface, the hymenium, can be smooth, wavy or wrinkled and can range in color from white to black or various shades of gray or brown. Similarly, the outer surface of the fruiting bodies can be smooth, ribbed, or have minute hairlike projections (villi). The stem is cylindrical and tapering or grooved and ribbed. The flesh is usually between 1–2 mm thick.^[2]

Species

As of September 2023, Species Fungorum has registered159 species of Helvella:^[3]

Transferred species

Helvella aestivalis – now Balsamia aestivalis
Helvella beatonii – now Geomorium beatonii
Helvella confusa – now Dissingia confusa
Helvella crassitunicata – now Dissingia crassitunicata
Helvella dissingi – now Helvella fibrosa^[5]
Helvella fuegiana – now Geomorium fuegianum
Helvella javanica – synonym of Helvella lacunosa^[9]
Helvella leucomelaena – now Dissingia leucomelaena
Helvella oblongispora – now Dissingia oblongispora
Helvella queletii – synonym of Helvella solitaria^[10]

References

^ Ammirati, Joseph F.; Traquair, James A.; Horgen, Paul A. (1985). Poisonous mushrooms of the northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 259. ISBN 0-8166-1407-5.
^ Abbott SP, Currah RS (1997). "The Helvellaceae: systematic revision and occurrence in northern and northwestern North America". Mycotaxon. 62: 1–125. doi:10.7939/R3TD9NG3F.
^ "Species Fungorum - Search Page". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 2023-09-10.
^ ^a ^b Nguyen NH, Landeros F, Garibay-Orijel R, Hansen K, Vellinga EC (2013). "The Helvella lacunosa species complex in western North America: cryptic species, misapplied names and parasites". Mycologia. 105 (5): 1275–86. doi:10.3852/12-391. PMID 23709487. S2CID 38126706.
^ ^a ^b Korf RP (2008). "Nomenclatural notes. 12. Untangling Hedwig's Octospora villosa: Helvella fibrosa comb. nov". Mycotaxon. 103: 307–12.
^ Filippa M, Baiano G (1999). "Helvella juniperi sp. nov. nuova specie raccolta sul litorale tirrenico" [Helvella juniperi sp. nov. new species collected on the Tyrrhenian coast]. Rivista di Micologia (in Italian). 42 (2): 99–118.
^ Landvik, Sara; Kristiansen, Roy; Schumacher, Trond (1999). "Pindara: a miniature Helvella". Mycologia. 91 (2): 278–85. doi:10.2307/3761373. JSTOR 3761373.
^ Cao JZ, Liu B (1990). "A new species of Helvella from China". Mycologia. 82 (5): 642–43. doi:10.2307/3760054. JSTOR 3760054.
^ Skrede I, Carlsen T, Schumacher T (2017). "A synopsis of the saddle fungi (Helvella: Ascomycota) in Europe – species delimitation, taxonomy and typification". Persoonia. 39: 248. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.09. PMC 5832953. PMID 29503476.
^ Landeros F, Iturriaga T, Guzmán-Dávalos L (2012). "Type studies in Helvella (Pezizales) 1". Mycotaxon. 119. Mycotaxon Publications: 35–63. doi:10.5248/119.35.

Media related to Helvella at Wikimedia Commons

[Ammir85-1] Ammirati, Joseph F.; Traquair, James A.; Horgen, Paul A. (1985). Poisonous mushrooms of the northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 259. ISBN 0-8166-1407-5.

[Abbott1997-2] Abbott SP, Currah RS (1997). "The Helvellaceae: systematic revision and occurrence in northern and northwestern North America". Mycotaxon. 62: 1–125. doi:10.7939/R3TD9NG3F.

[3] "Species Fungorum - Search Page". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 2023-09-10.

[Nguyen_2013-4] Nguyen NH, Landeros F, Garibay-Orijel R, Hansen K, Vellinga EC (2013). "The Helvella lacunosa species complex in western North America: cryptic species, misapplied names and parasites". Mycologia. 105 (5): 1275–86. doi:10.3852/12-391. PMID 23709487. S2CID 38126706.

[Korf_2008-5] Korf RP (2008). "Nomenclatural notes. 12. Untangling Hedwig's Octospora villosa: Helvella fibrosa comb. nov". Mycotaxon. 103: 307–12.

[6] Filippa M, Baiano G (1999). "Helvella juniperi sp. nov. nuova specie raccolta sul litorale tirrenico" [Helvella juniperi sp. nov. new species collected on the Tyrrhenian coast]. Rivista di Micologia (in Italian). 42 (2): 99–118.

[7] Landvik, Sara; Kristiansen, Roy; Schumacher, Trond (1999). "Pindara: a miniature Helvella". Mycologia. 91 (2): 278–85. doi:10.2307/3761373. JSTOR 3761373.

[8] Cao JZ, Liu B (1990). "A new species of Helvella from China". Mycologia. 82 (5): 642–43. doi:10.2307/3760054. JSTOR 3760054.

[9] Skrede I, Carlsen T, Schumacher T (2017). "A synopsis of the saddle fungi (Helvella: Ascomycota) in Europe – species delimitation, taxonomy and typification". Persoonia. 39: 248. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.09. PMC 5832953. PMID 29503476.

[10] Landeros F, Iturriaga T, Guzmán-Dávalos L (2012). "Type studies in Helvella (Pezizales) 1". Mycotaxon. 119. Mycotaxon Publications: 35–63. doi:10.5248/119.35.

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