The following tables list the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols used for Wu Chinese (吳語). For simplicity, only one romanization is given. See romanization of Wu Chinese for more variants.
^ abcdGlosses are displayed over the dotted line. (Instructions: for desktop computers, hover your mouse cursor over it; for iOS mobile browsers, request desktop website on your toolbar and then click on the dotted line; for Android mobile browsers, it is unavailable). Vocabulary are drawn from 上海话大词典 (2007).[1]
^The final consonant [-n] is pronounced as [-ɲ] by some speakers.
^ abcdefghThe non-syllabic gliding [w] may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic [u], as in [ua,uã,uaʔ,uɑ̃,ue,uən,uəʔ,uø].
^ abcdThe non-syllabic gliding [ɥ] may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic [y], as in [yɪʔ,yn,yø].
^ abcdefgThe non-syllabic gliding [j] may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic [i], as in [ia,iã,iaʔ,iɪʔ,ioŋ,ioʔ,iɔ,iɤ].
^[jɪʔ] is often shortened to be [ɪʔ]. Also refer to [v].
^[wã] is often merged to [wɑ̃] in the post-1966 generation. Also refer to [iv].
^The numeric contours are as given in Qian (1988).[2] An experimental and mathematical description of the contours slightly differed from Qian is given by Zhu (1995, 1999, 2005).[3]
References
^钱乃荣; 许宝华; 汤珍珠, eds. (2007). 上海话大词典 [Shanghainese Grand Dictionary]. 上海辞书出版社.
^钱乃荣 (1988). "第贰章语音". In 许宝华; 汤珍珠 (eds.). 上海市区方言志 [A study of the Shanghai Urban Dialect]. 上海教育出版社. pp. 4, 8, 9, 24.
^Zhu, Xiaonong (1995). Shanghai Tonetics (PhD thesis). Australian National University.
