Great Northern may refer to:

• One of a number of railways; see Great Northern Railway (disambiguation).
• Great Northern Railway (U.S.), a defunct American transcontinental railroad and major predecessor of the BNSF Railway.
• Great Northern Railway (Great Britain), a defunct British railway company formed in 1846, namesake of:
  • Great Northern Route, a group of railway services in the South-East and East of England, UK
  • Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern, a franchise for the provision of this route
  • Govia Thameslink Railway (formerly Thameslink and Great Northern), the company currently operating this franchise
• Great Northern Tunnel, a rail tunnel in Seattle, Washington, United States.
• GNR Class A1 1470 Great Northern, a British steam locomotive of the Great Northern Railway and the London and North Eastern Railway.

• Great Northern bean, a white common bean
• Great Northern Brewing Co., an Australian beer manufacturer
• Great Northern (country band), led by former Mission Mountain Wood Band member Rob Quist
• Great northern diver (Gavia immer), a bird also known as the common loon
• Great Northern Elevator, a historic grain elevator in Buffalo, New York
• Great Northern (indie band), led by former 30 Seconds to Mars member Solon Bixler
• Great Northern War, a war fought by Russia, Denmark-Norway, and Saxony-Poland against Sweden
• Great Northern Warehouse, a leisure complex in Manchester, England
• Great Northern Paper Company, a Maine pulp and paper manufacturer
• Great Northern?, a 1947 novel by Arthur Ransome in the Swallows and Amazons series, named after the diver
• USS Great Northern (AG-9), a cargo ship of the US Navy