Gene density
In genetics, the gene density of an organism's genome is the ratio of the number of genes per number of base pairs, usually written in terms of a million base pairs, or megabase (Mb). The human genome has a gene density of 11-15 genes/Mb, while the genome of the C. elegans roundworm is estimated to have 200.[1]
Seemingly simple organisms, such as bacteria and amoebas, have a much higher gene density than humans. Bacterial DNA has a gene density on the order of 500-1000 genes/Mb. This is due several factors, including that the fact that bacterial DNA has no introns. There are also fewer codons in bacterial genes.[2]
Species
Protozoa
species | number of genes | base pairs in genome (Mb) | gene density |
---|---|---|---|
Babesia microti | 3,685[3] | 6.4[4] | 575.8 |
Besnoitia besnoiti | 8,546[5] | 58.8[6] | 145.3 |
Cryptosporidium parvum | 3,887[7] | 9.1[8] | 427.1 |
Giardia intestinalis | 5,388[9] | 11.5[10] | 468.5 |
Leishmania donovani | 8,123[11] | 32.4[12] | 250.7 |
Plasmodium falciparum | 5,683[13] | 23.5[14] | 241.8 |
Phytophthora infestans | 19,344[15] | 203.2[16] | 95.2 |
Tetrahymena thermophila | 26,996[17] | 130.4[18] | 207 |
Theileria parva | 4,141[19] | 8.3[20] | 498.9 |
Toxoplasma gondii | 8,925[21] | 64.5[22] | 138.4 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | 25,183[23] | 32.5[24] | 774.9 |
Fungi
Plants
species | common name | number of genes | base pairs in genome (Mb) | gene density |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ananas comosus | pineapple | 25,758 | 382[69] | 67.4 |
Arabidopsis thaliana | thale cress | 38,311[70] | 119[71] | 321.9 |
Asparagus officinalis | asparagus | 32,237[72] | 1,187[73] | 27.2 |
Brassica rapa | field mustard | 51,592[74] | 333[75] | 154.9 |
Cannabis sativa | cannabis | 31,170[76] | 876[77] | 35.6 |
Cajanus cajan | pigeon pea | 33,495[78] | 593[79] | 56.5 |
Capsicum annuum | pepper | 41,729[80] | 2,909[81] | 14.3 |
Coffea arabica | coffee | 56,902[82] | 1,094[83] | 52 |
Glycine max | soybean | 59,905[84] | 995.7[85] | 60.2 |
Juglans regia | English walnut | 37,996[86] | 634.7[87] | 59.9 |
Nicotiana tabacum | tobacco | 74,273[88] | 3,734.2[89] | 19.9 |
Olea europaea | olive | 47,911[90] | 1,316.7[91] | 36.4 |
Oryza sativa | rice | 35,223[92] | 385[93] | 91.5 |
Panicum hallii | grass | 31,528[94] | 511.6[95] | 61.6 |
Physcomitrium patens | spreading earthmoss | 23,747[96] | 472[97] | 50.3 |
Prunus dulcis | almond | 26,936[98] | 236.9[99] | 113.7 |
Prunus persica | peach | 26,412[100] | 214.2[101] | 123.3 |
Punica granatum | pomegrante | 29,281[102] | 308.4[103] | 94.9 |
Rosa chinensis | rose | 40,349[104] | 513.9[105] | 78.5 |
Solanum lycopersicum | tomato | 31,263[106] | 813[107] | 38.5 |
Solanum tuberosum | potato | 33,606[108] | 760[109] | 44.2 |
Theobroma cacao | cocoa | 24,957[110] | 335[111] | 74.5 |
Zea mays | corn | 49,796[112] | 2,197[113] | 22.7 |
Invertebrate
species | common name | number of genes | base pairs in genome (Mb) | gene density |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aedes aegypti | yellow fever mosquito | 19,623[114] | 1,274[115] | 15.4 |
Anopheles gambiae | African malaria mosquito | 13,247[116] | 250[117] | 53 |
Apis mellifera | honey bee | 12,374[118] | 226[119] | 54.8 |
Caenorhabditis elegans | C. elegans | 47,632[120] | 102[121] | 467 |
Daphnia magna | water flea | 21,549[122] | 126[123] | 171 |
Drosophila melanogaster | fruit fly | 17,868[124] | 137[125] | 130.4 |
Hydra vulgaris | hydra | 22,980[126] | 1,055[127] | 21.8 |
Limulus polyphemus | horseshoe crab | 27,318[128] | 1,828[129] | 14.9 |
Octopus sinensis | octopus | 29,784[130] | 2,719[131] | 11 |
Pediculus humanus | human louse | 10,993[132] | 110[133] | 99.9 |
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus | purple sea urchin | 33,504[134] | 921[135] | 36.4 |
Vertebrate non-mammals
species | common name | number of genes | base pairs in genome (Mb) | gene density |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alligator mississippiensis | American alligator | 25,279[136] | 2,161[137] | 11.7 |
Anolis carolinensis | anole lizard | 22,293[138] | 1,799[139] | 12.4 |
Astyanax mexicanus | Mexican tetra | 31,695[140] | 1,263[141] | 25.1 |
Columba livia | pigeon | 26,679[142] | 1,063[143] | 25.1 |
Danio rerio | zebrafish | 47,350[144] | 1,408[145] | 33.6 |
Gallus gallus | chicken | 24,402[146] | 1,043[147] | 23.4 |
Nothobranchius furzeri | turquoise killifish | 25,387[148] | 1,052[149] | 24.1 |
Oryzias latipes | Japanese rice fish | 26,846[150] | 746[151] | 36 |
Petromyzon marinus | sea lamprey | 22,167[152] | 987[153] | 22.5 |
Taeniopygia guttata | zebra finch | 21,543[154] | 1,069[155] | 20.2 |
Takifugu rubripes | Japanese puffer | 27,413[156] | 384[157] | 71.8 |
Xenopus tropicalis | tropical clawed frog | 28,863[158] | 1,468[159] | 19.7 |
Xenopus laevis | African clawed frog | 37,283[160] | 2,718[161] | 13.7 |
Vertebrate mammals
species | common name | number of genes | base pairs in genome (Mb) | gene density |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acinonyx jubatus | cheetah | 34,482[162] | 2,378[163] | 14.5 |
Ailuropoda melanoleuca | giant panda | 32,950[164] | 2,371[165] | 13.9 |
Aotus nancymaae | night monkey | 31,331[166] | 2,861[167] | 11 |
Artibeus jamaicensis | Jamaican fruit-eating bat | 31,480[168] | 2,316[169] | 13.6 |
Arvicanthis niloticus | African grass rat | 31,912[170] | 2,496[171] | 12.8 |
Balaenoptera acutorostrata | minke whale | 26,805[172] | 2,431[173] | 11 |
Balaenoptera musculus | blue whale | 27,194[174] | 2,105[175] | 12.9 |
Bison bison | American bison | 27,488[176] | 2,828[177] | 9.7 |
Bos mutus | wild yak | 26,159[178] | 2,703[179] | 9.7 |
Bos taurus | cattle | 35,061[180] | 2,715[181] | 12.9 |
Canis lupus familiaris | dog | 36,717[182] | 2,370[183] | 15.5 |
Chinchilla lanigera | long-tailed chinchilla | 30,378[184] | 2,390[185] | 12.7 |
Felis catus | cat | 35,521[186] | 2,521[187] | 14 |
Gorilla gorilla | gorilla | 35,419[188] | 3,063[189] | 11.6 |
Homo sapiens | human | 44,507[190] | 2,861[191] | 15.5 |
Macaca mulatta | Rhesus monkey | 40,164[192] | 2,970[193] | 13.5 |
Mus musculus | house mouse | 42,823[194] | 2,689[195] | 15.9 |
Pan troglodytes | chimpanzee | 40,769[196] | 3,050[197] | 13.4 |
Rattus norvegicus | brown rat | 38,371[198] | 2,743[199] | 14 |
Sus scrofa | pig | 30,345[200] | 2,459[201] | 12.3 |
Gene count is calculated by the number of gene flags in the latest version of a given species gtf annotation file. Bear in mind that well studied organisms will probably have higher gene counts because these species have better annotation, therefore these numbers are estimates for comparison.
See also
References
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- ^ Sands, Jeff. "Genomes of Bacteria". Lehigh University. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
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- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Encephalitozoon_cuniculi/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000091225.1_ASM9122v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Encephalitozoon cuniculi (ID 39) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
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- ^ "Eremothecium gossypii (ID 74) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
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- ^ "Lasiodiplodia theobromae (ID 54334) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
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- ^ "Saccharomyces paradoxus (ID 66) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
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- ^ "Schizosaccharomyces pombe (ID 14) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
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- ^ "Talaromyces marneffei (ID 728) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Tremella_mesenterica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000271645.1_Treme1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Tremella mesenterica (ID 11041) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Trichoderma_harzianum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003025095.1_Triha_v1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Trichoderma harzianum (ID 2441) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
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- ^ "Trichophyton rubrum (ID 799) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Ustilago_maydis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000328475.2_Umaydis521_2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
- ^ "Ustilago maydis (ID 70) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
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- ^ "Wallemia ichthyophaga (ID 17303) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Yarrowia_lipolytica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002525.2_ASM252v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
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- ^ "Cajanus cajan (ID 2878) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
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- ^ "Nicotiana tabacum (ID 425) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Olea europaea (ID 10724) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
- ^ "Olea europaea (ID 10724) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Oryza_sativa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001433935.1_IRGSP-1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Oryza sativa (ID 10) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Panicum_hallii/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002211085.1_PHallii_v3.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Panicum hallii (ID 12791) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Physcomitrium patens (ID 383) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Physcomitrium patens (ID 383) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Prunus_dulcis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_902201215.1_ALMONDv2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Prunus dulcis (ID 10947) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Prunus_persica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000346465.2_Prunus_persica_NCBIv2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Prunus persica (ID 388) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Punica_granatum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_007655135.1_ASM765513v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Punica granatum (ID 13946) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Rosa_chinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002994745.1_RchiOBHm-V2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Rosa chinensis (ID 11715) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Solanum_lycopersicum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000188115.4_SL3.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Solanum lycopersicum (ID 7) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Solanum_tuberosum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000226075.1_SolTub_3.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Solanum tuberosum (ID 400) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Theobroma_cacao/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000208745.1_Criollo_cocoa_genome_V2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Theobroma cacao (ID 572) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Zea_mays/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_902167145.1_Zm-B73-REFERENCE-NAM-5.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Zea mays (ID 12) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Aedes_aegypti/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002204515.2_AaegL5.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Aedes aegypti (ID 44) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Anopheles_gambiae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000005575.2_AgamP3". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Anopheles gambiae (ID 46) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Apis_mellifera/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003254395.2_Amel_HAv3.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Apis mellifera (ID 48) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Caenorhabditis_elegans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002985.6_WBcel235". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Caenorhabditis elegans (ID 41) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Daphnia_magna/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003990815.1_ASM399081v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Daphnia magna (ID 10953) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Drosophila_melanogaster/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001215.4_Release_6_plus_ISO1_MT". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Drosophila melanogaster (ID 47) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Hydra_vulgaris/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004095.1_Hydra_RP_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Hydra vulgaris (ID 12836) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Limulus_polyphemus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000517525.1_Limulus_polyphemus-2.1.2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Limulus polyphemus (ID 787) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Octopus_sinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_006345805.1_ASM634580v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Octopus sinensis (ID 84214) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Pediculus_humanus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000006295.1_JCVI_LOUSE_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Pediculus humanus (ID 522) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002235.5_Spur_5.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (ID 86) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Alligator_mississippiensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000281125.3_ASM28112v4". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Alligator mississippiensis (ID 13409) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Anolis_carolinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000090745.1_AnoCar2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Anolis carolinensis (ID 708) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Astyanax_mexicanus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000372685.2_Astyanax_mexicanus-2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Astyanax mexicanus (ID 13073) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Columba_livia/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000337935.1_Cliv_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Columba livia (ID 10719) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Danio_rerio/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002035.6_GRCz11". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Danio rerio (ID 50) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Gallus_gallus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002315.6_GRCg6a". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Gallus gallus (ID 111) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Nothobranchius_furzeri/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001465895.1_Nfu_20140520". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Nothobranchius furzeri (ID 2642) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Oryzias_latipes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002234675.1_ASM223467v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Oryzias latipes (ID 542) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Petromyzon_marinus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_010993605.1_kPetMar1.pri". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Petromyzon marinus (ID 287) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Taeniopygia_guttata/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_008822105.2_bTaeGut2.pat.W.v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Taeniopygia guttata (ID 367) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Takifugu_rubripes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_901000725.2_fTakRub1.2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Takifugu rubripes (ID 63) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Xenopus_tropicalis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004195.4_UCB_Xtro_10.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Xenopus tropicalis (ID 80) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Xenopus_laevis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001663975.1_Xenopus_laevis_v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Xenopus laevis (ID 81) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Acinonyx_jubatus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003709585.1_Aci_jub_2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Acinonyx jubatus (ID 14623) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Ailuropoda_melanoleuca/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002007445.1_ASM200744v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Ailuropoda melanoleuca (ID 2702) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Aotus_nancymaae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000952055.2_Anan_2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Aotus nancymaae (ID 14430) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Artibeus_jamaicensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_014825515.1_WHU_Ajam_v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Artibeus jamaicensis (ID 12026) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Arvicanthis_niloticus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_011762505.1_mArvNil1.pat.X". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Arvicanthis niloticus (ID 88356) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Balaenoptera_acutorostrata/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000493695.1_BalAcu1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Balaenoptera acutorostrata (ID 10769) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Balaenoptera_musculus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_009873245.2_mBalMus1.pri.v3". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Balaenoptera musculus (ID 7017) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bison_bison/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000754665.1_Bison_UMD1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Bison bison (ID 8907) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bos_mutus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000298355.1_BosGru_v2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Bos mutus (ID 23015) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bos_taurus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002263795.1_ARS-UCD1.2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Bos taurus (ID 82) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Canis_lupus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002285.3_CanFam3.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Canis lupus familiaris (ID 85) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Chinchilla_lanigera/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000276665.1_ChiLan1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Chinchilla lanigera (ID 10466) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Felis_catus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000181335.3_Felis_catus_9.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Felis catus (ID 78) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Gorilla_gorilla/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_008122165.1_Kamilah_GGO_v0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Gorilla gorilla (ID 2156) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Homo_sapiens/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001405.39_GRCh38.p13". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Homo sapiens (ID 51) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Macaca_mulatta/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003339765.1_Mmul_10". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Macaca mulatta (ID 215) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Mus_musculus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001635.27_GRCm39". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Mus musculus (ID 52) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Pan_troglodytes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002880755.1_Clint_PTRv2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Pan troglodytes (ID 202) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Rattus_norvegicus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001895.5_Rnor_6.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Rattus norvegicus (ID 73) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Sus_scrofa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000003025.6_Sscrofa11.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Sus scrofa (ID 84) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.