Galuh Kingdom
Galuh Kingdom | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 669–1482 | |||||||||
 The territories of the Galuh Kingdom and its neighbour the Sunda Kingdom in Western Java | |||||||||
| Capital | Kawali | ||||||||
| Common languages | Sundanese, Sanskrit | ||||||||
| Religion | Hinduism, Buddhism, Sunda Wiwitan | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Maharaja, Prabu | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Separation from Tarumanagara by Wretikandayun | 669 | ||||||||
• Unification of Sunda and Galuh under Sri Baduga Maharaja | 1482 | ||||||||
| Currency | Native gold and silver coins | ||||||||
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| History of Indonesia |
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The Galuh Kingdom was a medieval Sundanese kingdom located in the eastern part of Tatar Sunda (now West Java province and Banyumasan region of Central Java province), present-day Indonesia.[1] It was established as a breakaway kingdom of the Tarumanagara around the 7th century.[2] Traditionally the kingdom was associated with the Central & Eastern Parahyangan cultural regions, with territory spanning from Citarum River in the west, to Cipamali and Cisarayu River in the east.[3] Its capital was first located in Karangkamulyan, Ciamis Regency, then Saunggalah, Kuningan and Kawali, north of present-day Ciamis.[3] The etymology of "galuh" is Old Sundanese and Kawi word for "gemstone".[4]
History
Most of the knowledge about this kingdom was collected from local Sundanese myths and folktales, transmitted through Pantun Sunda oral tradition. The Sundanese epic folktale of Ciung Wanara took place in this kingdom.[5] Scarce historical records include Carita Parahyangan and Wangsakerta manuscripts were composed in the later period. The only stone inscription left by this kingdom was the 14th-century Astana Gede inscription discovered in Kawali, believed to be the former capital of Galuh.[6] From all these sources, it was concluded that Galuh was a Hindu kingdom, the predecessor of the later Sunda Kingdom which was centered in Pajajaran.[7] The Kingdom timespan was about the same period as the Javanese kingdoms starts from Kalingga until the era of Majapahit.[8]
According to the Wangsakerta manuscript, Galuh was a vassal of Tarumanagara. After the fall of Tarumanagara, its dynastic patriarch, Wretikandayun of Galuh, separated his realm from the Sunda kingdom in the west. Since the crown prince of Galuh was the son-in-law of Queen Shima of Kalingga, a Hindu kingdom in Central Java, Wretikandayun, supported by Kalingga, demanded that the remnant of what was known as Tarumanagara's territory be divided into two kingdoms. Finding himself in an unfortunate position and unwilling to risk a civil war, King Tarusbawa of Sunda granted Wretikandayun's demand. In 670, Tarumanagara was divided into two kingdoms: the Sunda Kingdom in the west, and the Galuh Kingdom in the east, separated by the Tarum (Citarum) River.
Galuh continued to exist as an individual kingdom as the counterpart of Sunda until it was absorbed and incorporated within the Sunda kingdom around the 10th century. Galuh and the Sunda kingdom, another Sundanese kingdom, established the United Kingdom of Sunda and Galuh.[1] Its centre in Kawali became the court capital until the 15th century when Sri Baduga Maharaja shifted the capital to Pakuan Pajajaran. In the later period, during the expansion of the Mataram Sultanate, the menak (nobles) of the Eastern Priangan region (Ciamis, Tasikmalaya, Garut, Kuningan, and Majalengka), claimed to hold the legacy and prestige of this ancient kingdom.
Cultural heritage
Cangkuang temple located in Leles, Garut Regency is estimated to have been built during the Galuh kingdom era. It is the only reconstructed Hindu temple in West Java.
List of monarchs
| Name | Reign | Birth | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wretikandayun | 612-702 | 591 | Reigned before as King of Kendan. Relocated capital to Karangmulyan after Galuh separated from Sunda |
| Mandiminyak | 702-709 | 624 | Born as Amara. Youngest son of Wretikandayun. Reigned before 702 as King of Kalingga. |
| Bratasena | 709-716 | Illegitimate son of Mandiminyak and his sister-in-law Pwah Rababu. Fled to northern Kalingga after the invasion of his half-brother Purbasora. Father of Sanjaya, King of Mataram Kingdom | |
| Purbasora | 716-723 | 643 | Eldest son of Mandiminyak and half-brother of Bratasena. Allied with Indraprasta (Cirebon) to Invade Galuh and claim its throne in 716. Killed during the invasion Sanjaya in 723 |
| Premanadikusuma | 723-732 | Also known as Bagawat Sajalajala. Son of Purbasora, appointed by Sanjaya to succeed Purbasora. During his reign Galuh came under Mataram influence. Spent most of his life as a rishi in Mount Padang, Ciamis. Killed by a ploy devised by his own vicegerent Tamperan Barmawijaya in 732 | |
| Tamperan Barmawijaya | 732-739 | Also known as Rakeyan Panaraban. Son of Sanjaya, appointed by his father to be the vicegerent of Galuh. Became king after Premanadikusuma was killed. Killed by Manarah in 739 | |
| Manarah | 739-783 | Son of Premanadikusuma. Killed Tamperan Barmawijaya to avenge his father and reclaim the Galuh throne. The main subject of Sundanese folktale Ciung Wanara | |
| Guruminda Sang Minisri | 783-799 |
See also
References
- ^ a b Ekajati, Edi S. (2005). Kebudayaan Sunda Jaman Pajajaran. Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka.
- ^ MARDIYONO, P. (2021). GENEALOGI KERAJAAN ISLAM DI JAWA Menelusuri Jejak Keruntuhan Kerajaan Hindu dan Berdirinya Kerajaan Islam di Jawa (in Indonesian). Araska Publisher. ISBN 978-623-7910-80-0.
- ^ a b Rosidi, Ajip (2000). Ensiklopedi Sunda: alam, manusia, dan budaya, termasuk budaya Cirebon dan Betawi (in Indonesian). Pustaka Jaya. ISBN 978-979-419-259-7.
- ^ Sukardja, Djadja (1999). Kerajaan Galuh: raja dan bupati Galuh keturunan Prabu Haur Kuning (in Indonesian). KanDepDikBud Kab. Ciamis.
- ^ Kusrini (29 March 2020). Indonesian Folklore 3. Alprin. ISBN 978-623-263-103-8.
- ^ Soeryawan, R. Djaka (1984). Pengetahuan dasar tentang kebudayaan Sunda (in Indonesian). Lembaga Kebudayaan Universitas Pasundan Bandung.
- ^ Rokhimaturrizki, Oktavia (10 January 2022). Kerajaan-Kerajaan Hindu yang pernah ada di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Cv Media Edukasi Creative. ISBN 978-623-5620-74-9.
- ^ Wijayanti, Titik (16 October 2021). Wawasan Kebangsaan: Marketing, Politik Identitas, Personal Branding: Sejarah Nuswantara, Jejak yang Tertinggal (in Indonesian). Alinea Baru.