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Free solo climbing

"Free solo" redirects here. For the 2018 documentary film, see Free Solo.
This article is about a type of soloing that uses no protection. For soloing with protection, see Rope solo climbing.

Alain Robert free soloing (and onsight), No Self Control 7a (5.11d) in the Verdon Gorge, 1991.
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Free solo climbing, or free soloing, is a form of rock climbing where the climbers (or free soloists) climb solo (or alone) without ropes or other protective equipment, using only their climbing shoes and their climbing chalk.[1] Free soloing is the most dangerous form of climbing, and, unlike bouldering, free soloists climb above safe heights, where a fall can be fatal. Though many climbers have free soloed climbing grades they are very comfortable on, only a tiny group free solo regularly, and at grades closer to the limit of their abilities.[2]

Some climbers' profiles have been increased by free soloing (e.g. Alex Honnold and John Bachar), but some question the ethics of this, and whether the risks they are undertaking should be encouraged and commercially rewarded.[3][4] "Free solo" was originally a term of climber slang, but after the popularity of the Oscar-winning film Free Solo, Merriam-Webster officially added the word to their English dictionary in September 2019.[5]

Description

Jerry Moffatt free-soloing L'Horla (E1 5b) at Curbar Edge

Free solo climbing (sometimes referred to as soloing in the UK, or third-classing in the US),[6] is where the climber uses no climbing protection whatsoever (and as with all free climbing, no form of climbing aid is used either);[6] they may only use their climbing shoes and climbing chalk to ascend a single-pitch, or a multi-pitch/big wall climbing route.[6]

Free solo climbing is a special form of free climbing but is different from the main forms of free climbing, sport climbing and traditional climbing, which use climbing protection for safety. In theory bouldering is also free solo climbing (i.e. it also uses no aid or protection) but is usually not referred to as such except in the case of Highball bouldering, where falls can be serious.[6] The most committing forms of free soloing are on multi-pitch – and the even longer big wall – routes, where any retreat is very difficult.[6]

In alpine climbing the term solo climbing – as distinct from free solo climbing – can be used where the solo climber carries a rope and some aid climbing equipment to overcome some of the most difficult sections.[7] In addition, the term rope soloing is used for any solo climber who uses a rope and a form of self-locking device for continuous climbing protection on the route; this is also not considered as free solo climbing.[7]

Many early 20th-century rock climbers who began to free climb (i.e., avoiding any form of aid), were often practicing free solo climbing (or rope soloing), as the effectiveness of their climbing protection (usually a rope around their waist) was minimal. In the history of rock climbing, the first ascent of Napes Needle by W. P. Haskett Smith in June 1886 – an act that is widely considered to be the start of the sport of rock climbing – was effectively a free solo.[8] Early leaders of free climbing such as Paul Preuss, were also strongly interested in free solo climbing as being ethically purer. The 1958 ascent by Don Whillans of Goliath, one of the world's first E4 6a routes, was effectively a free solo (with a rope around his waist).[9][10] By the 1970s, when climbing protection was sufficiently developed to be effective, the discipline of free solo climbing began to stand apart.[6]

Public view

Many climbers praise free soloing, while others have concerns regarding the danger and the message the ascents send to other climbers.[11] Many companies have taken these views into account when working with free soloists. Clif Bar, the nutrition bar company with long ties to climbing, dropped the sponsorship of five climbers in 2014, citing the risks they take and stirring a debate about how much risk should be rewarded.[12]

However, The North Face and Red Bull have promoted free soloists and helped the free soloing community grow.[13][14] In addition, Alex Honnold, a free soloist who was previously dropped by Clif Bar,[15] was featured in the 2018 documentary Free Solo, which was met with critical acclaim and won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The director of Free Solo, Jimmy Chin, talks in the film about the ethics of undertaking the documentary, and the effect that his film team and project could have had on the outcome.

Even in the climbing community, free soloing is controversial. In 2022, when Climbing did a feature on free soloing, they caveated all articles with: "This article is not an endorsement of the practice", and emphasized that in their research amongst climbers, it was only practiced by a very small minority, with many telling Climbing: "I have in the past but not anymore".[6]

In 2022, climbing author and occasional free soloist Jeff Smoot wrote All and Nothing: Inside Free Soloing, which explored through interviews why some rock climbers free solo, including analyzing his own motivations.[16] He described the feeling of self-control over one's fears as a form of addiction that had brought benefits to his life outside of climbing.[17] He also found a wider range of motivations than he expected telling The Seattle Times, "Are free soloists crazy? They may be. Are they crazier than anybody else? I don’t think so, just in a different way".[17]

Notable climbers

Alain Robert free solo of Pol Pot (5.12d, 7c), Verdon Gorge, 1996
Steph Davis free solo of Outer Limits (5.11a), Yosemite, c2002

While many rock climbers have free soloed routes (single-pitch or big wall/multi-pitch), at climbing grades well below their ability, a very small minority have practiced free soloing regularly, and at grades closer to their overall limits. The most prominent of this smaller group are those who have broken new grade milestones in free solo climbing and gained a significant profile from their soloing:[6]

  • Alex Honnold – the most prolific and well-known free soloist of the 21st century, whose 2017 free solo of the route Freerider 5.13a (7c+) on El Capitan became the iconic film, Free Solo.[6]
  • Hansjörg Auer – the prolific big wall and high-altitude big wall free soloist, whose 2007 free solo of Fish Route on Marmolada was then the most daring in climbing history.[6][18]
  • Michael Reardon – prolific free soloist whose 2005 free solo of Romantic Warrior won him National Geographic's "Adventurer of the Year".[6]
  • Alexander Huber – one of the strongest rock climbers of the 1990s who set free solo grade milestones in single-pitch free soloing (with Kommunist), and big wall free soling (with the Brandler-Hasse Direttissima).[6]
  • Alain Robert – the early 1990s and 2000s pioneer of buildering, but who also broke important new free solo grade milestones in the 1990s.[6]
  • Wolfgang Güllich – one of the strongest rock climbers of the late 1980s who set free solo milestones (Weed Killer), and did the iconic solo of Separate Reality.[6]
  • Catherine Destivelle – a leading female climber of the late 1980s, who made iconic free solos in single-pitch (El Matador), and big wall (Bonatti Pillar).[6]
  • Patrick Edlinger – a leading European free soloist of the 1980s, with iconic big wall free solos in the Verdon Gorge and Buoux, as featured in the 1982 climbing film, La Vie au bout des doigts.[6]
  • Antoine Le Menestrel [fr] – prolific free soloist whose 1985 free solo of Revelations jumped several grade milestones in free solo climbing.[6]
  • Peter Croft – a prolific Canadian free soloist of the 1980s, who pioneered big wall free soloing with The Rostrum and Astroman.[6]
  • John Bachar – first free solo "superstar" and prolific American soloist of the late 1970s/early 1980s, who pioneered big wall soloing (Nabisco Wall).[6]

In addition, several other free solo practitioners are considered historically notable in free solo climbing and include the following: Ron Fawcett, Christophe Profit [fr], Brad Gobright, Dan Goodwin, Colin Haley, Derek Hersey, Jimmy Jewell, John Long, Dave MacLeod, Dan Osman, Dean Potter, Paul Preuss, and Tobin Sorenson.[6]

Free soloing is less common amongst female rock climbers, however, as well as Catherine Destivelle, the following female climbers are historically notable free solo practitioners: Steph Davis and Brette Harrington, both of whom have free soloed single-pitch and big wall routes.[6]

Evolution of grade milestones

Single-pitch routes

Heinz Zak [de] free soloing Separate Reality in 2005; Zak had taken the iconic photograph of Wolfgang Güllich making the first free solo of Separate Reality in 1986
Main articles: List of grade milestones in rock climbing § Free-solo, and History of rock climbing

Big wall, multi-pitch routes

Main articles: List of grade milestones in rock climbing § Free-soloed, and History of rock climbing
Alex Honnold's famous 2017 free solo of the big wall route, Freerider (5.13a, 7c+), on El Capitan

Climber fatalities

Michael Reardon free soloing Lower Right Ski Track (5.10b) in Joshua Tree National Park, 2007.
Derek Hersey, free soloing Downhill Racer (E1 6a), Froggatt Edge, 1979

A number of notable free solo practitioners have died while free soloing:[6]

Climbing magazine reported that a number of prominent free solo practitioners died in related or other extreme sports, including: Dan Osman (died at age 35 while rope jumping at Yosemite), Michael Reardon (died age 42 while rock climbing sea cliffs when he was carried out to sea by a rogue wave), Dean Potter (died age 43 while wingsuit flying when he crashed at Yosemite), Brad Gobright (died age 31 while abseiling at Potrero Chico), and Hansjorg Auer (died age 35 in an avalanche at Howse Peak).[6]

Free soloing in other formats
Climber free soloing the famous Lipton (WI7), in Rjukan, Norway.
Climber deep-water soloing White Rhino Tea (f7a), in Devon, England.
  • Alpine speed solo climbing: Some leading alpine climbers have set speed climbing records on classic alpine climbing routes – particularly the six great north faces of the Alps – that are done as free solos as using ropes and other protection would take too long. Notable alpine free solo speed climbers include Ueli Steck and Dani Arnold, whose rivalry was featured in the 2021 film, Race to the Summit.[a][27]
  • Buildering: Some free soloists scale buildings, such as Alain Robert ("The French Spider-Man"), and Dan Goodwin ("Skyscraperman"), who have scaled dozens of skyscrapers around the world—a sport known as buildering—without any safety equipment.[28]
  • Deep-water soloing (DWS), is a subtype of solo climbing performed on rock faces overhanging water where in the case of a fall, the climber lands in the water.[6] Deep-water routes can involve falls of 20–40 metres (66–131 ft), and thus a risk of serious injury.[6] Noted DWS climbers include Chris Sharma.[29]
  • FreeBASEing, is a subtype of free solo climbing performed on long multi-pitch big wall routes with a BASE jumping parachute as the sole means of protection. A falling climber opens their parachute to arrest their fall.[6] It was pioneered by Dean Potter.[30][31]
  • Highball bouldering, is where the boulder exceeds 7–10 metres (23–33 ft) in height, and any fall, even where bouldering mats are used, presents a risk of serious injury.[6] Where highball bouldering ends and free soloing begins is a source of debate.[32]

In film

A number of notable films have been made focused on free solo climbing (both on rock and on ice) including:[33]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The film includes a public dispute between the pair when Arnold used the in-situ fixed ropes on the Hinterstoisser traverse on the Eiger during his record ascent, which Steck felt violated Arnold's ascent as being a proper free solo

References

  1. ^ "Free solo". Cambridge Dictionary. 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023. (of climbing up rocks, mountains or buildings) done with no ropes or other equipment: Free solo climbing shuns the use of ropes or other safety equipment.
  2. ^ Taylor, Will (25 February 2019). "Why We Won't See a Rise in Free Solo Climbing Deaths After Alex Honnold's Story Won an Oscar". The Inertia. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  3. ^ Green, Stewart (20 July 2017). "Free Solo Climbing is Dangerous and Deadly". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  4. ^ "Gale - User Identification Form". galeapps.galegroup.com. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  5. ^ Berry, Natalie. "'Free Solo' enters Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Film Scoops 7 Emmys". UK Climbing.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Osius, Alison (4 June 2022). "Free Solo Rock Climbing and the Climbers Who Have Defined the Sport". Climbing. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  7. ^ a b The Mountaineers (2018). "Chapter 12. Alpine Climbing". Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (9th ed.). Quiller Publishing. ISBN 978-1846892622.
  8. ^ Zhu, Beifeng; Chen, Ruizhi; Li, Yuan (9 August 2021). "The Origin and Early Evolution of Rock Climbing". Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Proceedings of the 2021 5th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2021). 571. Atlantis Press: 662–667. doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210806.124. ISBN 978-94-6239-414-8. S2CID 238693283.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Oviglia, Maurizio (23 December 2012). "The Evolution of Free Climbing". PlanetMountain. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  10. ^ Erikson, Jim (19 April 2022). "Cleaning Up Climbing History. The Truth Behind 13 Pivotal Ascents and Events". Climbing. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  11. ^ Corrigan, Kevin (22 October 2018). "Opinion: The Free Solo Documentary Addressed Some Uncomfortable Truths, But Ignored Others". Climbing Magazine. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  12. ^ Branch, John (14 November 2014). "A Sponsor Steps Away From the Edge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  13. ^ "Alex Honnold". TheNorthFace USA – English. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  14. ^ "The Most Mind-Bending Free Solo Climbs in History". Red Bull. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  15. ^ "Climber Alex Honnold wrote an op-ed after Clif Bar dropped him as a sponsor". SI.com. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  16. ^ Potter, Stephen (4 October 2022). "Why Do Climbers Free Solo?". Climbing. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  17. ^ a b Agafonov, Tyler (22 September 2022). "Jeff Smoot's 'All and Nothing' dives deep into the world of free soloing". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  18. ^ "Hansjörg Auer Fish route solo on Marmolada 15 years ago today". PlanetMountain. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  19. ^ Slavsky, Bennett (12 March 2021). "Alfredo Webber, Age 52, Free Solos 5.14b". Climbing. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  20. ^ "Hardest route climbed (free solo)". Guinness Book of World Records. 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ALFREDO WEBBER, ITALY (ARCO), MARCH 2021, "Panem et Circenses"
  21. ^ "Being Bachar". Rock & Ice. March 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  22. ^ Ament, Pat (2002). Wizards of Rock: A History of Free Climbing in America, Wilderness Press
  23. ^ Franz, Derek (9 June 2017). "The world gasps in the aftermath of Alex Honnold's free solo of El Capitan's Freerider (5.13a, 3,000ft)". Alpinist. Retrieved 1 July 2023. originally rated 5.12d but now considered harder after a hold broke
  24. ^ "Exclusive: Alex Honnold Completes the Most Dangerous Free-Solo Ascent Ever". National Geographic Society. 3 October 2018. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017.
  25. ^ "This is Still a Gripping Free-Solo Video – Alex Huber on a 20-Pitch 5.12a". Gripped Magazine. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  26. ^ Johnson, Scott C. (15 July 2012). "Michael Ybarra's Death Underscores the Allure and Dangers of Solo Climbing". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  27. ^ Douglas, Ed (17 June 2021). "Speed Soloing Is Climbing's Deadliest Game—It Has One Living Player". Climbing. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  28. ^ Pilastro, Eleonora (6 December 2022). "The Real Spider-Man: Alain Robert climbs the world's tallest buildings". Guinness Book of Records. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  29. ^ "A History of Mallorca Deep Water Soloing". British Mountaineering Council. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  30. ^ Thomasma, Melissa (13 August 2008). "FreeBASE: Dean Potter on the Eiger Nordwand". Alpinist. ISSN 1540-725X. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  31. ^ Bisharat, Andrew (18 May 2015). "How Dean Potter Reinvented Climbing, Jumping, Flying". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  32. ^ Edwards, Pete (November 2020). "Is it Highball Bouldering? Or should we be calling it Free-Soloing". Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  33. ^ Bisharat, Andrew (6 September 2022). "The 20 Best Climbing Films of All Time". Outside. Retrieved 28 September 2023.

Further reading

  • Smoot, Jeff (2022). All and Nothing: Inside Free Soloing. Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1680513325.
  • Honnold, Alex; Roberts, David (2016). Alone on the Wall. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393353174.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_solo_climbing