Early Western Map of Tonkin (1651). One of the earliest Western maps showing details of northern and central Vietnam appeared in Father Alexander de Rhodes's Histoire dv royavme de Tvnqvin, published in Rome in 1650. This map is from the French edition, published a year later in Lyon. Oriented with the north to the right, "Regnu Annam" shows the extent of seventeenth-century Vietnam, then divided between two rival dynasties, one in the north and the other in central Vietnam. Remnants of the Cham kingdom, eventually destroyed by the Vietnamese, still exist in the south. To the west, are the highlands occupied by "Rumoi" (upland minority groups, later called "montagnards" by the French). The limited Western knowledge of the interior is illustrated by the large region labeled "Solitudo."

(originally from https://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/guide/guide-southern.html) High-resolution version from The BNF

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