Ezov
Ezov (Hebrew: אֵזוֹב, romanized: ʾēzōḇ) is the Classical Hebrew name of a plant mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in the context of religious rituals. In some English-language Bibles, the word is transliterated as ezob.
The Septuagint translates the name as ὕσσωπος hyssop, and English translations of the Bible often follow this rendering. The Hebrew word אזוב and the Greek word ὕσσωπος probably share a common (unknown) origin.[1]
In the Bible, ezov is described as a small plant found on or near walls,[2] with an aromatic odour.[3][4] Maimonides, Saadia Gaon and earlier Jewish commentators identified ezov with za'atar,[5] which may refer to various local herbs, including marjoram, oregano and thyme, which have aromatic and cleansing properties, grow wild in Israel, and can easily be bunched together to be used for sprinkling.[4]
The book of John in the New Testament (written in Koine Greek) mentions that hyssop was used, along with vinegar, to alleviate the thirst of Jesus, during his Passion. Matthew and Mark mention the occasion but refer to the plant using the general term κάλαμος (kálamos), which is translated as "reed" or "stick." Origanum has short stems; some scholars say it would have been too short to reach the mouth of Jesus during crucifixion.[6] A number of scholars have proposed that ezov is the caper plant (Capparis spinosa), which the Arabs call azaf. [7] The caper is native throughout the Mediterranean Basin, and considered to have cleansing properties.[4]
It has been suggested that Psalm 51's verse 7 "Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean:" is an early example of the medical use of Penicillium, the initial source of penicillin.[8]
Ritual use
The Israelites used ezov in the Passover ritual when they were enslaved in Egypt, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament, to sprinkle lamb's blood on the door posts and lintels of the slaves' quarters in which they lived, so that God[9] would pass over them as he slew the first-born of the Egyptians.[10] The Israelites used ezov more regularly for other rituals when they had settled in Israel. It was used in the ritual for cleansing from leprosy[11] and corpse uncleanness,[12] as well as for the burning of the red heifer.[13] In Psalms, the sprinkling of ezov is used metaphorically to refer to purification of the heart.[14]
The Roman Catholic Church and some sects interpret ezov as "hyssop" and have adopted the biblical practice of sprinkling with water to ritually cleanse objects, including churches and people, in a ritual termed aspersion during the Asperges.
References
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, 1989, s.v. hyssop
- ^ 1 Kings 4:33
- ^ Numbers 19:6
- ^ a b c Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ Based on the Judeo-Arabic translation of the word in the works of Rabbi Saadia Gaon (in his Tafsir, a translation of the Pentateuch, Exo. 12:22), David ben Abraham al-Fasi (in his Hebrew-Arabic Dictionary of the Bible, known as `Kitāb Jāmiʿ al-Alfāẓ`, vol. 1, s.v. אזוב), Rabbi Jonah ibn Janah (Sefer HaShorashim - Book of the Roots, s.v. אזב - aleph, zayn, bet), Maimonides (in his Mishnah Commentary, Nega'im 14:6) and Nathan ben Abraham I in Mishnah Uktzin 2:2. The problems with identification arise from Jewish oral tradition where it expressly prohibits Greek hyssop, and where the biblical plant is said to have been identical to the Arabic word, zaatar (Origanum syriacum), and which word is not to be associated with other ezobs that often bear an additional epithet, such as zaatar farsi = Persian-hyssop (Thymbra capitata) and zaatar rumi = Roman-hyssop (Satureja thymbra). See: The Mishnah (ed. Herbert Danby), Oxford University Press: Oxford 1977, s.v. Negai'im 14:6 (p. 696); Parah 11:7 (p. 711).
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia
- ^ A modern herbal: Hyssop
- ^ Aronson, J. K. (January 1992). "Penicillin". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 42 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1007/BF00314911. ISSN 0031-6970. PMID 1541305. S2CID 62877498.
Since Penicillium notatum was first isolated from its growth on hyssop in 1911, Selwyn has suggested that the mention in the Bible (Psalm 51, verse 7) of the therapeutic efficacy of he hyssop is an early example of the use of Penicillium.
- ^ Exodus 12:23
- ^ Exodus 12:22
- ^ Leviticus 14:4-7, 14:49-51
- ^ Numbers 19:17-19
- ^ Numbers 19:6
- ^ Psalm 50 (septuagint numbering), Psalm 51 (masoretic numbering)