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European Free Alliance

European Free Alliance
AbbreviationEFA
PresidentLorena Lopez de Lacalle (ES)
Secretary-GeneralJordi Solé (ES)
Founded9 July 1981; 43 years ago (1981-07-09)
HeadquartersBoomkwekerijstraat 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
Think tankCoppieters Foundation
Youth wingEuropean Free Alliance Youth
IdeologyRegionalism
Autonomism
Separatism
Political positionBig tent[1]
European Parliament groupGreens/EFA (3 MEPs)
ECR (N-VA, 3 MEPs)
EPP Group (Manuela Ripa, direct member, 1 MEP)
The Left (Pernando Barrena, direct member, 1 MEP)
Colours  Purple
European Parliament
8 / 720
European Council
0 / 27
European Commission
0 / 27
Website
e-f-a.org Edit this at Wikidata

The European Free Alliance (EFA) is a European political party that consists of various regionalist,[2][3][4] separatist[5] and minority[4] political parties in Europe. Member parties advocate either for full political independence and sovereignty, or some form of devolution or self-governance for their country or region.[6] The party has generally limited its membership to centre-left and left-wing parties;[7][8] therefore, only a fraction of European regionalist parties are members of the EFA.

Since 1999, the EFA and the European Green Party (EGP) have joined forces within Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) group in the European Parliament, although some EFA members have joined other groups from time to time, for example the New Flemish Alliance which sits with the European Conservatives and Reformists Group.

The EFA's youth wing is the European Free Alliance Youth (EFAY), founded in 2000.

As of 2024, two European regions are led by EFA politicians: Flanders with Jan Jambon of the New Flemish Alliance and Corsica with Gilles Simeoni of Femu a Corsica.

History

Regionalists have long been represented in the European Parliament. In the 1979 election four regionalist parties obtained seats: the Scottish National Party (SNP), the Flemish People's Union (VU), the Brussels-based Democratic Front of Francophones (FDF) and the South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP). The SNP, although being predominantly social-democratic, joined the European Progressive Democrats, a conservative group led by the French Rally for the Republic. The VU and the FDF joined the heterogeneous Technical Group of Independents, while the SVP joined the European People's Party group.[9]

In 1981, six parties (VU, the Frisian National Party, Independent Fianna Fáil, the Party of German-speaking Belgians, the Party for the Organization of a Free Brittany and the Alsace-Lorraine National Association), plus three observers (the Union of the Corsican People, UPC, the Occitan Party and the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia, CDC), joined forces to form the European Free Alliance.[10][11] Regionalist MEPs continued, however, to sit in different groups also after the 1984 election: the SNP in the Gaullist-dominated European Democratic Alliance; the VU, the Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) and Basque Solidarity (EA) in the Rainbow Group, together with Green parties; the SVP in the European People's Party group; the CDC with the Liberal Democrats; and Herri Batasuna among Non-Inscrits.[12]

Only after the 1989 European Parliament election did EFA members form a united group, called Rainbow like its green predecessor. It consisted of three Italian MEPs (two for Lega Lombarda and one for the PSd'Az), two Spanish MEPs (one each for the PNV and the Andalusian Party, PA), one Belgian MEP (for VU), one French MEP (UPC), one British MEP (SNP) and one independent MEP from Ireland. They were joined by 4 MEPs from the Danish left-wing Eurosceptic People's Movement against the EU, while the other regionalist parties, including the SVP, Batasuna and the Convergence and Union of Catalonia (CiU) declined to join.[13]

In the 1994 European Parliament election, the regionalists lost many seats. Moreover, the EFA had suspended its major affiliate, Lega Nord, for having joined forces in government with the post-fascist National Alliance. Also, the PNV chose to switch to the European People's Party (EPP). The three remaining EFA MEPs (representing the SNP, the VU and the Canarian Coalition) formed a group with the French Énergie Radicale list and the Italian Pannella List: the European Radical Alliance.[14]

Following the 1999 European Parliament election, in which EFA parties did quite well, EFA elected MEPs formed a joint group with the European Green Party, under the name Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA). In the event the EFA supplied ten members: two each from the Scottish SNP, the Welsh Plaid Cymru, and the Flemish VU, and one each from the Basque PNV and EA, the Andalusian PA and the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG).[15]

In the 2004 European Parliament election, the EFA, which had formally become a European political party,[16] was reduced to four MEPs: two from the SNP (Ian Hudghton and Alyn Smith), one from Plaid Cymru (Jill Evans) and one from the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC; Bernat Joan i Marí, replaced at the mid-term by MEP Mikel Irujo of the Basque EA). They were joined by two associate members: Tatjana Ždanoka of For Human Rights in United Latvia (PCTVL) and László Tőkés, an independent MEP and former member of the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UMDR). Co-operation between the EFA and the Greens continued.

Following the 2008 revision of the EU Regulation that governs European political parties allowing the creation of European foundations affiliated to European political parties, the EFA established its official foundation/think tank, the Coppieters Foundation (CF), in September 2007.[17]

In the 2009 European Parliament election, six MEPs were returned for the EFA: two from the SNP (Ian Hudghton and Alyn Smith), one from Plaid Cymru (Jill Evans), one from the Party of the Corsican Nation (PNC; François Alfonsi), one from the ERC (Oriol Junqueras), and Tatjana Ždanoka, an individual member of the EFA from Latvia. After the election, the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) also joined the EFA. The EFA subgroup thus counted seven MEPs.[18]

In the 2014 European Parliament election, EFA-affiliated parties returned twelve seats to the Parliament: four for the N-VA, two for the SNP, two for "The Left for the Right to Decide" (an electoral list primarily composed of the ERC), one for "The Peoples Decide" (an electoral list mainly comprising EH Bildu, a Basque coalition including EA), one for "European Spring" (an electoral list comprising the Valencian Nationalist Bloc, BNV, and the Aragonese Union, ChA), one from Plaid Cymru, and one from the Latvian Russian Union (LKS). Due to ideological divergences with the Flemish Greens,[19] the N-VA defected to the European Conservatives and Reformists Group (ECR)[20][21] and the EH Bildu MEP joined the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group. Thus, EFA had seven members in the Greens/EFA group and four within ECR.[22]

In the 2019 European Parliament election the EFA gained a fourth seat in the United Kingdom, due to the SNP gaining a third seat to add to Plaid's one. However, the EFA suffered the loss of these seats in January 2020 due to Brexit, which meant SNP and PC MEPs had to leave.

Ideology

In the Brussels declaration of 2000, the EFA codified its political principles. The EFA stands for "a Europe of Free Peoples based on the principle of subsidiarity, which believe in solidarity with each other and the peoples of the world."[23] The EFA sees itself as an alliance of stateless peoples, striving towards recognition, autonomy, independence or wanting a proper voice in Europe. It supports European integration on basis of the subsidiarity-principle. It believes also that Europe should move away from further centralisation and works towards the formation of a "Europe of regions". It believes that regions should have more power in Europe, for instance participating in the Council of the European Union, when matters within their competence are discussed. It also wants to protect the linguistic and cultural diversity within the EU.

The EFA broadly stands on the left wing of the political spectrum.[24][25] EFA members are generally progressive, although there are some notable exceptions as the conservative New Flemish Alliance, Bavaria Party, Democratic Party of Artsakh, Schleswig Party and Future of Åland, the Christian-democratic Slovene Union and the far right[26][27][28][29][30][31] South Tyrolean Freedom.

Organisation

The main organs of the EFA organisation are the General Assembly, the Bureau and the Secretariat.

General Assembly

In the General Assembly, the supreme council of the EFA, every member party has one vote.

Bureau and Secretariat

The Bureau takes care of daily affairs. It is chaired by Lorena Lopez de Lacalle (Basque Solidarity), president of the EFA, while Jordi Solé (Republican Left of Catalonia) is secretary-general and Anke Spoorendonk (South Schleswig Voters' Association) vice-president and treasurer.[32]

The Bureau is completed by other twelve vice-presidents: Peggy Eriksson (Future of Åland), Jill Evans (Plaid Cymru), Fernando Fuente Cortina (More—Commitment), David Grosclaude (Occitan Party), Wouter Patho (New Flemish Alliance), Frank de Boer (Frisian National Party), Patrik Peroša (The Olive Tree – Slovene Istria Party), Livia Ceccaldi-Volpei (Femu à Corsica), Zsolt Szilágyi (Hungarian Alliance of Transylvania), Ana Miranda (Galician Nationalist Bloc), Roberto Visentin (Pact for Autonomy) and Lorena López Sánchez (New Canaries).[32]

Membership

Before becoming a member party, an organisation needs to have been an observer of the EFA for at least one year. Only one member party per region is allowed. If a second party from a region wants to join the EFA, the first party needs to agree, at which point these two parties will then form a common delegation with one vote. The EFA also recognises friends of the EFA, a special status for regionalist parties outside of the European Union.[23]

The following is the list of EFA members and former members.[33][34]

Full members

Country Party Region / Constituency MPs MEPs[a]
 Albania Macedonian Alliance for European Integration[35] North Macedonia Ethnic Macedonians - Not in the EU
 Azerbaijan Democratic Party of Artsakh[36][37]  Republic of Artsakh / Armenia Ethnic Armenians – Not in the EU
 Austria Unity List  Carinthia / Slovenia Ethnic Slovenes – –
 Belgium New Flemish Alliance  Flanders
25 / 150
3 / 21
 Bulgaria United Macedonian Organization Ilinden–Pirin Pirin / North Macedonia Ethnic Macedonians – –
 Czech Republic Moravian Land Movement Moravia – –
 Denmark Schleswig Party Schleswig / Germany Ethnic Germans – –
 Finland Future of Åland  Åland – –
 France Breton Democratic Union  Brittany – –
Catalan Unity Northern Catalonia – –
Let's Make Corsica  Corsica
2 / 577
 –
Occitan Party  Occitania – –
Our Land  Alsace – –
Party of the Corsican Nation  Corsica
1 / 577
 –
Savoy Region Movement Savoy Savoy – –
 Germany Bavaria Party  Bavaria – –
South Schleswig Voters' Association  Schleswig-Holstein / Denmark Ethnic Danes / Frisians
1 / 736
 –
 Greece Party of Friendship, Equality and Peace Western Thrace / Turkey Ethnic Turks – –
 Italy Pact for Autonomy Friuli-Venezia Giulia – –
South Tyrolean Freedom  South Tyrol – –
Valdostan Union[b]  Aosta Valley
1 / 600
 –
Free Sicilians  Sicily – –
 Netherlands Frisian National Party Frisians /  Friesland – –
 Romania Hungarian Alliance of Transylvania  Transylvania / Hungary Ethnic Hungarians
1 / 330
 –
 Serbia League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina  Vojvodina / Ethnic minorities (e.g. Hungarians) – Not in the EU
 Slovenia The Olive Tree – Slovene Istria Party Slovene Istria – –
 Spain Andalusia by Herself  Andalusia – –
Aragonese State Aragon – –
Basque Solidarity Basque Country – –
Galician Nationalist Bloc  Galicia
1 / 350
1 / 61
More–Commitment  Valencian Country
1 / 350
1 / 61
More for Menorca  Menorca – –
New Canaries  Canary Islands – –
Republican Left of Catalonia  Catalonia / Catalan Countries
7 / 350
1 / 61
Socialist Party of Majorca  Balearic Islands – –
 United Kingdom Mebyon Kernow  Cornwall – Not in the EU
Plaid Cymru  Wales
4 / 32
 Not in the EU
Scottish National Party  Scotland
9 / 57
 Not in the EU
Yorkshire Party[38]  Yorkshire – Not in the EU

Individual members

Country MEPs Party
Basque Country Pernando Barrena EH Bildu
 Germany Manuela Ripa Ecological Democratic Party

Former members

Country Party Region / Constituency Notes
 Belgium Party of German-speaking Belgians German Community Merged into ProDG in 2008
People's Union  Flanders Split into the New Flemish Alliance and Spirit
Pro German-speaking Community German Community No longer a member since 2018
Social Liberal Party  Flanders Dissolved in 2009
Walloon Popular Rally  Wallonia Dissolved as party in 2011
 Croatia List for Rijeka Rijeka No longer a member since 2023
 Czech Republic Moravané Moravia No longer a member since 2018
 France Alsace-Lorraine National Association  Alsace /  Lorraine Dissolved
Savoyan League Savoy Savoy Dissolved in 2012
Party for the Organization of a Free Brittany  Brittany Dissolved in 2000
Union of the Corsican People  Corsica Merged into the PNC in 2002
 Germany The Frisians Frisians / East Frisia No longer a member since 2018
Lusatian Alliance Lusatia / Sorbs No longer a member since 2023
 Greece Rainbow North Macedonia Ethnic Macedonians No longer a member since 2023
 Hungary Renewed Roma Union Party of Hungary [hu] Romani people Dissolved in 2012
 Ireland Independent Fianna Fáil Ireland United Ireland Dissolved in 2006
 Italy Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology  Aosta Valley Merged into Valdostan Alliance in 2019
Citizens' Union for South Tyrol  South Tyrol Expelled in 2008 for opposition to the Bilbao declaration
Emilian Free Alliance Emilia Dissolved in 2010
Friulian Homeland Friuli No longer a member after 2022 congress
Lombard League Lombardy Joined Lega Nord in 1991
Movement for the Independence of Sicily  Sicily No longer a member after 2022 congress
Northern League  Padania Suspended in 1994, left in 1996 and joined ELDR
Pro Lombardy Independence Lombardy No longer a member after 2022 congress
Sardinian Action Party  Sardinia Expelled in 2020 for allying with the Lega Nord
Slovene Union Slovenia Ethnic Slovenes No longer a member since 2023
The Other South Italy Southern Italy No longer a member after 2022 congress
Tuscany Freedom Committee Tuscany Tuscany No longer a member in 2024
Valdostan Alliance  Aosta Valley Merged into Valdostan Union in 2024
Venetian League  Veneto Joined Lega Nord in 1991
Venetian Republic League  Veneto No longer a member after 2022 congress
 Latvia Latvian Russian Union Ethnic Russians Expelled in 2022
 Lithuania Lithuanian Polish People's Party [lt] Poland Ethnic Poles Dissolved in 2010
 Poland Kashubian Association  Kashubia / Kashubians No longer a member since 2023
Silesian Autonomy Movement Upper Silesia / Silesians[39] No longer a member since 2023
 Romania Transylvania–Banat League Transylvania (incl. Banat) Dissolved
 Slovakia Hungarian Christian Democratic Association [hu] Hungary Ethnic Hungarians Merged into Most–Híd 2023 in 2023
Hungarian Federalist Party Hungary Ethnic Hungarians De-registered in 2005
 Spain Andalusian Party  Andalusia Dissolved in 2015
Aragonese Union  Aragon No longer a member since 2018
Aralar Party Basque Country Dissolved in 2017
Basque Nationalist Party Basque Country Left in 2004 and joined the EDP
Canarian Coalition  Canary Islands Left in 1999 and joined the ELDR Group
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia  Catalonia / Catalan Countries Joined the LDR Group in 1987

Representation in European institutions

Organisation Institution Number of seats
 European Union European Parliament
8 / 720
European Commission
0 / 27
European Council
(Heads of Government)
0 / 27
Council of the European Union
(Participation in Government)
0 / 27
Committee of the Regions
 Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly
4 / 306

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The number of MEPs listed below may not match the total number of MEPs of the European party, as it does not include MEPs who join as individual members.
  2. ^ Expelled in 2007 after lack of activity in EFA structures, rejoined at the 2022 congress

References

  1. ^ https://www.cidob.org/es/publicaciones/serie_de_publicacion/project_papers/open_european_dialogue/policy_paper/pan_european_parties_who_are_they_what_do_they_want_and_can_they_win_elections [bare URL]
  2. ^ David Hanley (2007). "Parties, Identity and Europeanisation: An Asymmetrical Relationship?". In Marion Demossier (ed.). The European Puzzle: The Political Structuring of Cultural Identities at a Time of Transition. Berghahn Books. pp. 152–. ISBN 978-0-85745-863-6.
  3. ^ Richard Corbett (2012). "Democracy in the European Union". In Elizabeth Bomberg; John Peterson; Richard Corbett (eds.). The European Union: How Does it Work?. Oxford University Press. pp. 155–. ISBN 978-0-19-957080-5.
  4. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  5. ^ "The European Free Alliance and the International Issues". ecpr.eu.
  6. ^ "What's EFA and history". Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  7. ^ Gupta, Devashree (April 2008). "Nationalism across borders: transnational nationalist advocacy in the European Union". Comparative European Politics. 6 (1): 61–80. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110127. S2CID 144152782.
  8. ^ David Hanley (2008). Beyond the Nation State: Parties in the Era of European Integration. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 132. ISBN 9781139867757. Center-left and left-wing regionalist parties are typically associated with EFA. An exception is the Nieuwe-Vlaamse Alliantie, one of the heirs of the Flemish Volksunie, which belonged to the European Popular party in the period 2004 through 2009 and later became affiliated with EFA.
  9. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  10. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ Andrew C. Gould; Anthony M. Messina (17 February 2014). Europe's Contending Identities: Supranationalism, Ethnoregionalism, Religion, and New Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-1-107-03633-8.
  12. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  13. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  14. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  15. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  16. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  17. ^ "Centre Maurits Coppieters (CMC) – Ideas for Europe". Ideasforeurope.eu. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  18. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  19. ^ "Will Flemish separatists save the Tories in Europe?". EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  20. ^ Van Overtveldt, Johan (18 June 2014). "N-VA kiest voor ECR-fractie in Europees Parlement" [N-VA chooses ECR Group in the European Parliament]. standaard.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  21. ^ "N-VA joins ECR group in European Parliament". Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  22. ^ "Up-to-date list of the MEPs for the new legislative period". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  23. ^ a b "European Free Alliance". E-f-a.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  24. ^ Gould, Andrew C.; Messina, Anthony M. (17 February 2014). Europe's Contending Identities: Supranationalism, Ethnoregionalism, Religion, and New Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139867757.
  25. ^ "European Parliament: Guide to the political groups". BBC News. 21 October 2015.
  26. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361017961_Autonomism_as_Political_Strategy_A_comparison_between_Quebec_Corsica_and_South-Tyrol [bare URL]
  27. ^ Schmitt, Etienne (January 2022). "Autonomism as Political Strategy. A comparison between Quebec, Corsica, and South-Tyrol".[permanent dead link‍]
  28. ^ "I separati dell'Alto Adige". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  29. ^ "Digos e carabinieri nella sede del partito — Alto Adige dal 2004.it " Ricerca". Ricerca.gelocal.it. 14 October 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  30. ^ "Frattini denuncia il "diario" della Klotz — Cronaca — Alto Adige". Altoadige.gelocal.it. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  31. ^ "La Stampa — Nel diario scolastico sudtirolesei terroristi si scoprono eroi". La Stampa. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  32. ^ a b "Members of the Bureau Archive". e-f-a.org.
  33. ^ "Members of the European Parliament". e-f-a.org. European Free Alliance. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  34. ^ "Member Parties". e-f-a.org. European Free Alliance. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  35. ^ "Стерјовски се сретна со претседателката на ЕФА, Лорена Лопез де Лакал" (in Macedonian). 9 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  36. ^ "Member Parties". e-f-a.org. European Free Alliance. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  37. ^ "Democratic Party of Artsakh is the Associated Member of the European Free Alliance". dpa.am. Democratic Party of Artsakh. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  38. ^ "Opinion | Yorkshire First". Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  39. ^ "Statut – Ruch Autonomii Śląska" (in Polish). 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Alliance