Esther Mahlangu
ndebele+xhosa
Dr. Esther Mahlangu signs a recently completed work.
Born	Esther Nikwambi Mahlangu (1935-11-11) 11 November 1935 (age 89) Middelburg, Mpumalanga, South Africa
Nationality	South African
Style	Ndebele house painting
Website	esthermahlanguart.com

Esther Mahlangu (born 11 November 1935) is a South African artist.^[1] She is known for her bold large-scale contemporary paintings that reference her Ndebele heritage.^[2] She is one of South Africa's best known artists.

Esther Nikwambi Mahlangu was born on 11 November 1935 in a farm located outside of Middelburg, Mpumalanga, South Africa, and belongs to the Southern Ndebele people.^[3] Mahlangu began painting at 10 years of age,^[4] and was taught the skill of mural painting by her mother and grandmother,^[2] following a tradition of the Southern Ndebele people for females to paint the exterior of houses. It is in this cultural tradition where Mahlangu first began her artistic journey.^[5] She had eight younger siblings, which was made up of six boys and three girls (including her). She and her husband had three sons. Later on, she lost her husband and her three sons.^[6] She was an employee at the Botshabelo Museum before becoming an artist.

Mahlangu's art references patterns found in clothing and jewellery of the Ndebele people.^[2] The patterns she uses are typically very colourful and geometric. Her paintings are large in scale.^[7] Esther Mahlangu used brushes made from chicken feathers. She is known for translating and substituting the traditional surfaces for Ndebele mural art, adobe cow-dung wall, with canvas, and eventually, metal alloys. Mahlangu’s signature pattern of white bounded lines set diagonally or shaped like chevrons. She signs all of her beadwork in beads with the initials “E M”.^[8] As an artist, her “...composition is more compact, more engaging and complex than that of her contemporaries, the borders more complicated. She has a tendency to frame her pattern motifs.”^[9]

Mahlangu first gained international attention in 1989 at a French art exposition titled Magiciens de la terre (Magicians of the World).^[2][5] Later in 1991, she was commissioned by BMW to create an art car, as other BMW Art Car creators had done before (including Andy Warhol, David Hockney and Frank Stella). The car, a BMW 525i, was the first "African Art Car" and was painted with typical Ndebele motifs.^[2][5][10] The car was later exhibited at the National Museum of Women in the Arts in Washington, DC in 1994. It was also exhibited at the British Museum, London in 2017.^[11]

• 1989
  • Magiciens de la terre (Centre Georges Pompidou) in Paris (1989):^[12]
• 1992
  • Carav Cultural Center of Contemporary Art
  • Comme des Garcons (Tokyo, Japan; New York, USA; Paris, France)
  • Documenta 9
  • Civic Theatre
• 1991
  • Caravan Auto Show (Lavante)
  • BMW Art Cars and Painting Exhibition (Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town)
• 1993
  • Geneva International Exhibition (Geneva)
  • Nantes Fine Arts Museum
• 1994
  • Musee des Beauz- Arts de Nantes (1994)
• 1995
  • BMW Art Cars and Painting Exhibition
  • Market Theatre
• 1996
  • World Bank
  • Armour J. Blackburn Centre, Howard University
  • Parish Gallery
  • Congressional Black Caucus
• 1997
  • Het Afrika Museum
  • National Arts Club
  • African Immigrant Folklife Festival
  • Spoleto Festival
  • York College Galleries
• 1998
  • Tobu Museum of Art
• 1999
  • Van Reekum Museum
• 2000
  • 5th Biennal of Contemporary Art
• 2001
  • The Helsinki Fair Center
• 2002
  • Centro Culturale Trevi
• 2003
  • The Irma Stern Museum
• 2005
  • Museum of Fine Arts
  • Grimaldi Forum
  • Pretoria Art Museum
  • Smithsonian Institution
• 2006
  • The Jean Pigozzi Contemporary African Art Collection^[13]
  • Tacoma Museum of Art
  • Roppongi Hills Art Museum
  • Scuderie Aldobrandini Frascati
• 2007    
  • Art in Public Spaces
  • The Walters Art Museum
  • Durban Art Gallery
  • Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli^[14]
• 2008
  • Denver Museum of Art
• 2009
  • Complesso Monumentale del Vittoriano\
• 2011
  • Museum of Arts and Design
• 2013
  • 34 Fine Art
• 2014
  • Museum of African Art (2014)
•  2015    
  • The Irma Stern Museum
  • Amref Health Africa Artball
• 2016
  • Frieze Art Fair
• 2017
  • Cape Town Art Fair (2017)
• 2019
  • National Museum Oliewenhuis
  • Cape Town Art Fair
• 2020
  • Melrose Gallery
  • Investec Cape Town Art Fair
• 2021
  • Almine Rech
• 2022
  • Alpha 137 Online Gallery
  • Melrose Gallery
• THEN I KNEW I WAS GOOD AT PAINTING: ESTHERMAHLANGU, A RETROSPECTIVE 2024. ^[15]

Between 1980 and 1991 she was a resident at the Botshabelo Historical Village open-air museum, which presents and educates the visitors about the Ndebele culture.^[16]

Ndebele designs were also reproduced in 1997 on the tails of British Airways planes^[17] and more recently the same technique was used by the artist to paint on the new Fiat 500 on the occasion of the exhibition "Why Africa?" (2007, Turin).

Mahlangu is one of the African artists whose art is often exhibited internationally. Her works are in major private collections including that of The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC) of Jean Pigozzi and in many Western museums. Despite being an internationally recognized artist, Esther Mahlangu still presently lives in her village in close and constant contact with her culture.

Mahlangu follows a local tradition through which this particular type of painting technique is handed down in the family, communicated, learned and transmitted only by women (in the past). These paintings are closely connected with the tradition of decorating the houses on the occasion of the rite of passage for boys. Between 18 and 20 years of age, the youth of the tribe go to "a school of circumcision", the ritual that confirm their passage to adulthood. To celebrate this event the women completely repaint the inside and the outside of their houses with a preparation of cow dung and natural pigments. Brightly coloured acrylic paints are also applied in designs outlined by black lines. Although seemingly simple, the geometric abstraction that is revealed by these paintings is underscored by the constant repetition and symmetry of such simple shapes that make the whole work quite complex.

The art of Esther Mahlangu highlights the tension between local and global, between the anchor and detachment. Despite continuing to use the same "artistic vocabulary" closely tied to her traditions, Mahlangu has applied the designs to various objects including canvas, sculpture, ceramics and automobiles. She has also collaborated with various brands like BMW, Fiat, EYTYS, Melissa's, Beleverde, the British Museum and Rolls-Royce.

Esther Mahlangu's 1991 BMW Artcar was on view at the British Museum as part of 'South Africa: the art of a nation', from 27 October 2016 - 27 February 2017. The new BMW Individual 7 series with unique internal wooden trims painted by her was exhibited at Frieze Art Fair in 2016 with an accompanying exhibition of work co-curated by BMW and 34FineArt.^[18] She recently completed a special edition premium Belvedere Vodka bottle design (50% of all profits to help fight HIV/AIDS in Africa). As an artist in residence, Mahlangu was commissioned in 2014 by the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts to create two large works of art.^[2]

Mahlangu directs a school which teaches young girls not only painting but also the technique of painting designs on particular compositions of beads.^[19][20] The tradition is not a static entity. As the work of the same Mahlangu suggests, "tradition" is a mobile field, future-oriented and ready to incorporate diverse stimuli. In fact, although South Africa is now one of the African States which is able to facilitate and promote the work of their artists both nationally and internationally with the likes of the biennial event in Johannesburg, the work of Esther Mahlangu is even more courageous because she was born and grew up in political and social turmoil.

Esther Mahlangu has worked tirelessly exposing and developing her talent travelling around the world, and she is very passionate about sharing her knowledge with the younger generation so that she leaves a legacy that lives on for generations to come.^[21]

On 19 March 2022 Mahlangu was assaulted and robbed in her home, of money and a personal fire-arm. The police started a manhunt to catch the suspect – purportedly a young man whose great-grandfather had lent Ms. Mahlangu's father some money in the 1920's - some one hundred years before.^[22][23][24] A suspect was taken into custody, while an accomplice was released on bail.^[25]

• Awarded the Order of Ikhamanga in silver in 2006.^[26]
• Received the first United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) South Africa NGO and Multi-Stakeholder Award in 2019.^[27]
• Conferred with an honorary doctorate (Philosophiae Doctor honoris causa) by the University of Johannesburg, 9 April 2018.^[28]
• In 2024, she was honored by University of South Africa

• Media related to Esther Mahlangu at Wikimedia Commons
• Esther Mahlangu 80 Exhibition online 2015
• Contemporary African Art Collection, Geneva Archived 6 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine
• Esther Mahlangu 2003 Exhibition catalogue 2003 Archived 2017-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
• Mam' Esther Mahlangu: the Ndebele Picasso Archived 29 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Ayiba Magazine, December 2015
• "In conversation with Esther Mahlangu" Archived 2017-03-25 at the Wayback Machine, ARTsouthAfrica (2015)