Espagnole sauce
 Beef with espagnole sauce and French fries | |
| Type | Sauce |
|---|---|
| Associated cuisine | French |
| Main ingredients | Meat stock, brown roux |
Espagnole sauce (French pronunciation: [ɛspaɲɔl] ) is a basic brown sauce, and is one of the mother sauces of classic French cooking. In the early 19th century the chef Antonin Carême included it in his list of the basic sauces of French cooking. In the early 20th century Auguste Escoffier named it as one of the five sauces at the core of France's cuisine.
Etymology
"Espagnole" is the French for "Spanish". Many French sauces have names of countries, such as hollandaise sauce or crème anglaise. Generally, the country's name is chosen as a tribute to a historical event or because the sauce's content evokes that country. In the case of Spanish sauce, it is thought that the name was given due to its red color, which is associated with Spain.[1]
Subsequently, several attempts were created to explain its name. It is said, for example, that Anne of Austria – who despite her name was Spanish – introduced cooks from Spain to the kitchens of the French court and that her cooks improved the French brown sauce by adding tomatoes.[2] A similar tale refers to the Spanish cooks employed by Louis XIV's wife, Maria Theresa of Spain.[3] There is no record of Spanish cooks in the kitchens of the French court, therefore, these explanations appear to be baseless.[4] Another suggestion is that in the 17th century, Spanish bacon and ham were introduced as the meat for the stock on which the sauce is based, rather than the traditional beef.[5]
History
The term "sauce espagnole" appears in Vincent La Chapelle's 1733 cookery book Le Cuisinier moderne, but no recipe is given.[6] Antonin Carême printed a detailed recipe in his 1828 book Le Cuisinier parisien.[7] By the middle of the 19th century the sauce was familiar in the English-speaking world: in her Modern Cookery of 1845 Eliza Acton gave two recipes for it, one with added wine and one without.[8] The sauce was included in Auguste Escoffier's 1903 classification of the five mother sauces, on which much French cooking depends.[9]
Ingredients
The recipe given by Carême runs to more than 400 words. He calls for ham, veal, and partridges in the cooking pan, gently braised in water for two hours, after which roux is mixed in and the pan is returned to the stove for a further two hours or more. It is garnished with "parsley, chives, bay leaves, thyme, sweet basil and cloves and parings of mushrooms".[7]
Auguste Escoffier's recipe for espagnole, dating from 1903, is briefer. It calls for brown stock (made from veal, beef and bacon), a brown roux, diced bacon fat, diced carrot, thyme, bay, parsley and butter, simmered for three hours.[10]
Tomato purée is added to the other ingredients in some more recent recipes, including in the catering textbook Practical Cookery by Victor Ceserani and Ronald Kinton.[11][12]
Derivatives
Sauce espagnole is the basis for many French sauces. They include:
| Sauce | Ingredients | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| africaine | Cayenne pepper, madeira, onion rings, diced truffles | [13] |
| bigarade | juice and zest of orange and lemon; duck stock, sugar | [14] |
| bordelaise | thyme, mignonette pepper, bay leaves, red wine | [15] |
| bourguignonne | shallots, parsley, thyme, bay, mushroom trimmings, butter and red wine | [16] |
| aux champignons | mushroom stock and small mushroom caps | [17] |
| charcutière | onions, white wine, vinegar, pepper, mustard, gherkins | [18] |
| chasseur | sliced mushrooms, chopped sautéed shallots, white wine, butter, parsley | [15] |
| chevreuil | mirepoix of vegetables, game trimmings, red wine, pepper sauce, Cayenne pepper | [19] |
| à la diable anglaise | shallots, white pepper, vinegar, tomato purée | [20] |
| financière | madeira, truffle essence | [21] |
| aux pignoles à l'italienne | pine kernels (pignoles), sugar, vinegar, nutmeg, pepper, red wine | [22] |
| Robert | onions, white wine, vinegar, pepper, mustard | [23] |
| Saint-Malo | white wine, shallots, mustard, anchovy paste | [24] |
| venaison | game essence, pepper sauce, redcurrant jelly, sugar | [19] |
References
- ^ Group, Octopus Publishing (2001). Larousse Gastronomique. Octopus Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-600-60688-8.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Diat, p. 74
- ^ Nguyen, Stephane. "French Cooking Academy", at 1m 05 seconds onwards.
- ^ nationales (France), Archives; Curzon, Henri de; roi, France Ministère de la maison du (1977). Répertoire numérique des archives de la Maison du roi : (Série O1) (in French). Kraus Reprint.
- ^ Dallas, pp. 412–413
- ^ La Chapelle, p. 163
- ^ a b Carême, pp. 63–64
- ^ Acton, pp. 105–106
- ^ "An Introduction to the 5 French Mother Sauces", Escoffier online. Retrieved 13 January 2023
- ^ Escoffier, p. 21
- ^ Beck et al p. 70
- ^ Ceserani and Kinton, p. 22
- ^ Bickel, p. 36
- ^ Saulnier, p. 17
- ^ a b Saulnier, p. 18
- ^ Bickel, p. 39
- ^ Bickel, p. 50
- ^ Bickel, p. 52
- ^ a b Bickel, p. 41
- ^ Bickel, p. 42
- ^ Montagné, p. 846
- ^ Montagné, p. 848
- ^ Bickel, p. 54
- ^ Saulnier, p. 24
Sources
- Acton, Eliza (1845). Modern Cookery. London: Longman, Brown, Green. OCLC 776237549.
- Beck, Simone; Louisette Bertholle; Julia Child (2012) [1961]. Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volume One. London: Particular. ISBN 978-0-241-95339-6.
- Bickel, Walter (1989). Hering's Dictionary of Classical and Modern Cookery (eleventh ed.). London: Virtue. ISBN 978-3-8057-0307-9.
- Carême, Antonin (1834). The Royal Parisian Pastrycook and Confectioner. London: F. J. Mason. OCLC 15160719.
- Ceserani, Victor; Ronald Kinton (1974). Practical Cookery (fourth ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-1853-7.
- Dallas, E. S. (1877). Kettner's Book of the Table. London: Dulau. OCLC 771590401.
- Davidson, Alan (1999). "Sauce espagnole". In Davidson, Alan (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-211579-9.
- Diat, Louis (1979). Gourmet's Basic French Cookbook. New York: Gourmet Books. OCLC 1107861618.
- Escoffier, Auguste (1989) [1965]. Howells, Marion (ed.). 2,000 Favourite French Recipes. London: Treasure. ISBN 978-1-85-051694-1.
- La Chapelle, Vincent (1733). The Modern Cook. London: Nicolas Prevost. OCLC 1328833700.
- Montagné, Prosper (1976). Larousse Gastronomique. London: Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0-600-02352-4. OCLC 1285641881.
- Saulnier, Louis (1978). Le Répertoire de la Cuisine (fourteenth ed.). London: Jaeggi. OCLC 1086737491.
