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Epic of Manas

Epic of Manas
Statue of Manas in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Original titleМанас дастаны
Written18th century
LanguageKyrgyz
Subject(s)The interactions of a Kyrgyz warrior and his progeny with neighboring Turkic, Mongolic, and Chinese people
Genre(s)Epic poem
LinesApproximately 553,500

The Epic of Manas[a] is a lengthy and traditional epic poem of the Kyrgyz people of East and Central Asia. Versions of the poem which date to the 19th century contain historical events of the 18th century, though Kyrgyz tradition holds it to be much older. Manas is said to be based on Bars Bek, the first khagan of the Kyrgyz Khaganate. The plot of Manas revolves around a series of events that coincide with the history of the region, primarily the interaction of the Kyrgyz people with other Turkic, Mongolic and Chinese peoples.

The government of Kyrgyzstan celebrated the 1,000th anniversary from the moment it was documented in 1995. The mythic poem has evolved over many centuries,[1] being kept alive by bards called manaschy or manaschi. The first written reference to the eponymous hero of Manas and his Oirat enemy Joloy is to be found in a Persian manuscript dated to 1792–93.[2] In one of its dozens of iterations, the epic poem consists of approximately 500,000 lines.

Narrative

A traditional Kyrgyz manaschi performing part of the epic poem at a yurt camp in Karakol

The epic tells the story of Manas, his descendants, and their exploits against various foes. The Epic of Manas is divided into three books. The first is entitled "Manas", the second episode describes the deeds of his son Semetei, and the third of his grandson Seitek. The epic begins with the destruction and difficulties caused by the invasion of the Oirats. Jakyp reaches maturity in this time as the owner of many herds without a single heir. His prayers are eventually answered, and on the day of his son's birth, he dedicates a colt, Toruchaar, born the same day to his son's service. The son is unique among his peers for his strength, mischief, and generosity. The Oirat learn of this young warrior and warn their leader. A plan is hatched to capture the young Manas. They fail in this task, and Manas is able to rally his people and is eventually elected and proclaimed as khan.

Manas expands his reach to include that of the Uyghurs of Raviganjn on the southern border of Jungaria. One of the defeated Uyghur rulers gives his daughter to Manas in marriage. At this point, the Kyrgyz people chose, with Manas' help, to return from the Altai mountains to their "ancestral lands" in the mountains of modern-day Kyrgyzstan. Manas begins his successful campaigns against his neighbors accompanied by his forty companions. Manas turns eventually to face the Afghan people to the south in battle, where after defeat the Afghans enter into an alliance with Manas. Manas then comes into a relationship with the people of Mā Warāʾ an-Nahr through marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Bukhara.

The epic continues in various forms, depending on the publication and whim of the manaschi, or reciter of the epic.

History

Scholars have long debated the exact age of the epic, as it was transmitted orally without being recorded. However, historians have doubted the age claimed for it since the turn of the 20th century. The primary reason is that the events portrayed occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. Hatto remarks that Manas was

"compiled to glorify the Sufi sheikhs of Shirkent and Kasan ... [and] circumstances make it highly probable that... [Manas] is a late eighteenth-century interpolation."[3]

Changes were made in the delivery and textual representation[4] particularly the replacement of the tribal background of Manas. In the 19th century versions, Manas is the leader of the Nogay people, while in versions dating after 1920, Manas is a Kyrgyz and a leader of the Kyrgyz.[5] Use of the Manas for nation-building purposes, and the availability of printed historical variants, has similarly had an impact on the performance, content, and appreciation on the epic.[6]

Attempts have been made to connect modern Kyrgyz with the Yenisei Kirghiz, today claimed by Kyrgyzstan to be the ancestors of modern Kyrgyz. Kazakh ethnographer and historian Shokan Shinghisuly Walikhanuli was unable to find evidence of folk-memory during his extended research in 19th-century Kyrgyzstan (then part of the expanding Russian empire) nor has any been found since.[7]

While Kyrgyz historians consider it to be the longest epic poem in history,[8] the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata and the Tibetan Epic of King Gesar are both longer.[9] The distinction is in number of verses. Manas has more verses, though they are shorter.

Recitation

Manas is the classic centerpiece of Kyrgyz literature, and parts of it are often recited at Kyrgyz festivities by specialists in the epic, called Manasçı (Kyrgyz: Манасчы). Manasçıs tell the tale in a melodic chant unaccompanied by musical instruments.

Kyrgyzstan has many Manasçıs. Narrators who know all three episodes of the epic (the tales of Manas, of his son Semetey and of his grandson Seytek) can acquire the status of Great Manasçı. Great Manasçıs of the 20th century are Sagımbay Orozbakov, Sayakbay Karalaev, Şaabay Azizov (pictured), Kaba Atabekov, Seydene Moldokova and Yusup Mamay. Contemporary Manasçıs include Rysbek Jumabayev, who has performed at the British Library,[10] Urkaş Mambetaliev, the Manasçı of the Bishkek Philharmonic (also travels through Europe), Talantaaly Bakchiev, who combines recitation with critical study,[11] and Doolot Sydykov, noted for lengthy performances (including a 111 hour recitation over five days).[12] Adil Jumaturdu has provided "A comparative study of performers of the Manas epic."[13]

There are more than 65 written versions of parts of the epic. Arthur Thomas Hatto made scholarly editions with facing English translations of the Manas tales recorded in the 19th century by Shokan Valikhanov[14] and Vasily Radlov.[15] An English translation of the version of Sagımbay Orozbakov by Walter May was published in 1995 as part of the commemoration of the presumed 1000th anniversary of Manas' birth (and re-issued in two volumes in 2004), and a substantial episode of this variant translated by Daniel Prior was published in 2022.[16]

Legacy

Main article: Manas Ordo
The alleged burial site of the eponymous hero of Manas

Manas is said to have been buried in the Ala-Too mountains in Talas Province, in northwestern Kyrgyzstan. A mausoleum some 40 km east of the town of Talas is believed to house his remains and is a popular destination for Kyrgyz travellers. Traditional Kyrgyz horsemanship games are held there every summer since 1995. An inscription on the mausoleum states, however, that it is dedicated to "...the most famous of women, Kenizek-Khatun, the daughter of the emir Abuka". Legend has it that Kanikey, Manas' widow, ordered this inscription in an effort to confuse her husband's enemies and prevent a defiling of his grave. The name of the building is "Manastin Khumbuzu" or "The Dome of Manas", and the date of its erection is unknown. There is a museum dedicated to Manas and his legend nearby the tomb.

The reception of the poem in the USSR was problematic. Politician and government official Kasym Tynystanov tried to get the poem published in 1925, but this was prevented by the growing influence of Stalinism. The first extract of the poem to be published in the USSR appeared in Moscow in 1946, and efforts to nominate the poem for the Stalin Prize in 1946 were unsuccessful. Ideologist Andrei Zhdanov, Stalin's "propagandist in chief", prevented this, calling the poem an example of "bourgeois cosmopolitanism". The struggle continued inside Kyrgyzstan, with different newspapers and authors taking different sides; one of its supporters was Tugolbay Sydykbekov. By 1952 the poem was called anti-Soviet and anti-Chinese and condemned as pan-Islamic. Chinghiz Aitmatov, in the 1980s, picked up the cause for the poem again, and in 1985 finally a statue for the hero was erected.[17]

In 2023, the manuscript version of the epic was included by international organization UNESCO in the Memory of the World Programme.[18]

Influence

Translations

Manas has been translated into 20 languages. The Uzbek poet Mirtemir translated the poem into Uzbek.[20]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Kyrgyz: Манас дастаны, romanized: Manas dastany, arabized: ماناس داستانی, IPA: [mɑnɑ́s tɑstʰɑnɤ́]; Chinese: 瑪納斯

References

  1. ^ Terbish, Baanjarav (February 2021). "The Sart Kalmaks in Kyrgyzstan: people in transition". Central Asian Survey. 40 (3): 313–329. doi:10.1080/02634937.2021.1884045.
  2. ^ Tagirdzhanov, A. T. 1960. "Sobranie istorij". Majmu at-tavarikh, Leningrad.
  3. ^ Akiner, Shirin & Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Languages and Scripts of Central Asia. 1997, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 99
  4. ^ Notes on the Cultural History of the Kirghiz Epic Tradition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2000.
  5. ^ Akiner, Shirin & Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Languages and Scripts of Central Asia. 1997, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 104
  6. ^ Plumtree, James (2021). "A Telling Tradition: Preliminary Comments on the Epic of Manas, 1856–2018". In Thomson, S. C. (ed.). Medieval Stories and Storytelling: Multimedia and Multi-temporal Perspectives. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 239-301 (pp. 273-278). ISBN 978-2-503-59050-9.
  7. ^ 1980. 'Kirghiz. Mid-nineteenth century' in [Traditions of heroic and epic poetry I], edited by A. T. Hatto, London, 300-27.
  8. ^ Урстанбеков Б.У., Чороев Т.К. Кыргыз тарыхы: Кыскача энциклопедиялык сөздүк: Мектеп окуучулары үчүн. – Ф.:Кыргы. Совет Энциклопедиясыныны Башкы Ред., 1990. 113 б. ISBN 5-89750-028-2
  9. ^ Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian. Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity, London: Penguin Books, 2005.
  10. ^ Gullette, David (2010). The Genealogical Construction of the Kyrgyz Republic: Kinship, State and 'Tribalism'. Folkestone: Global Oriental. p. 153. ISBN 9781906876104.
  11. ^ Plumtree, James (2019). "A Kyrgyz Singer Of Tales: Formulas in Three Performances of the Birth of Manas by Talantaaly Bakchiev". Доклады Национальной академии наук Кыргызской Республики: 125–133.
  12. ^ Калыков, Мундузбек (6 September 2021). "Манасчы Доолот Сыдыков установил рекорд — он читал эпос «Манас» пять суток". kloop.kg (in Russian).
  13. ^ Jumaturdu, Adil (2016). "A Comparative Study of Performers of the Manas Epic". The Journal of American Folklore. 129 (513): 288–296. doi:10.5406/jamerfolk.129.513.0288. S2CID 163241388.
  14. ^ Hatto, Arthur T., ed. (1977). The memorial feast for Kökötöy-khan (Kökötöydün ašı) : a Kirghiz epic poem. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197135938.
  15. ^ Hatto, Arthur T., ed. (1990). The manas of Wilhelm Radloff. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447030106.
  16. ^ Orozbak uulu, Sagymbaĭ (2022). Prior, Daniel (ed.). The memorial feast for Kokötöy Khan : a Kirghiz epic poem in the Manas tradition. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780241544211.
  17. ^ Laruelle, Marlene (2015). "Kyrgyzstan's Nationhood: From a Monopoly of Production to a Plural Market". In Laruelle, Marlene; Engvall, Johan (eds.). Kyrgyzstan beyond "Democracy Island" and "Failing State": Social and Political Changes in a Post-Soviet Society. Lexington Books. pp. 165–84. ISBN 9781498515177.
  18. ^ "The Manas epic manuscripts are included in the Memory of the World". UNESCO. June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  19. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2013). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (3 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 439. ISBN 9783662066157.
  20. ^ "Mirtemir (In Uzbek)". Ziyouz. Retrieved 18 February 2012.

External literature

  • Manas. Translated by Walter May. Rarity, Bishkek, 2004. ISBN 9967-424-17-6
  • Levin, Theodore. Where the Rivers and Mountains Sing: sound, music, and nomadism in Tuva and beyond. Section "The Spirit of Manas", pp. 188–198. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006
  • Manas 1000. Theses of the international scientific symposium devoted to the 'Manas' epos Millenial [sic] Anniversary. Bishkek, 1995.
  • S. Mussayev. The Epos Manas. Bishkek, 1994
  • Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry (2 vols.), under the general editorship of A. T. Hatto, The Modern Humanities Research Association, London, 1980.
  • The Memorial Feast for Kokotoy-Khan, A. T. Hatto, 1977, Oxford University Press
  • The Manas of Wilhelm Radloff, A. T. Hatto, 1990, Otto Harrassowitz
  • Spirited Performance. The Manas Epic and Society in Kyrgyzstan. N. van der Heide, Amsterdam, 2008.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Manas