El Capitan
The El Capitan depicted on a 1950s postcard at some point after receiving its Hi-Level equipment.
Overview
Service type	Inter-city rail
Status	Discontinued
Locale	Midwestern and Southwestern United States
First service	February 22, 1938
Last service	April 29, 1973
Successor	Southwest Chief
Former operator(s)	Santa Fe Amtrak (1971–1973)
Route
Termini	Chicago Los Angeles
Average journey time	39 hrs 30 min
Train number(s)	21 and 22
Line(s) used	Southern Transcon
Technical
Track gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge

The El Capitan was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway ("Santa Fe") between Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California. It operated from 1938 to 1971; Amtrak retained the name until 1973. The El Capitan was the only all-coach or "chair car" (non-Pullman sleeper) to operate on the Santa Fe main line between Chicago and Los Angeles on the same fast schedule as the railroad's premier all-Pullman Super Chief. It was also the first train to receive the pioneering Hi-Level equipment with which it would become synonymous.

The El Capitan debuted on February 22, 1938, on a twice-weekly schedule, using two five-car sets of streamlined equipment built by the Budd Company.^[1] Like the Pennsylvania Railroad's Trail Blazer, it offered "low-cost passage with high-speed convenience". The fare from Chicago to Los Angeles was $5.00 above the $39.50 regular coach fare in 1938.

Originally conceived as the Economy Chief, the name 'El Capitan' was chosen to commemorate the Spanish conquistadors; it competed for passenger traffic with Union Pacific's Challenger. Unique in charging an extra fare despite being a coach train, it pioneered such features as "RideMaster" seats optimized for sleeping.

On its inaugural run the El Capitan left the main line at Williams and traveled up the Grand Canyon Railway to Grand Canyon Depot. In regular operation passengers bound for the Grand Canyon would connect at Williams.^[2]

In its first year and a half the El Capitan ran at 80% capacity, superior to similar services. Reservations had to be made weeks in advance.^[3] In 1942 the consist expanded to 12 cars.^{[citation needed]} Heavy traffic during World War II forced the Santa Fe to lengthen the train's schedule by two hours in July 1942; it restored the old schedule on June 2, 1946.^[4] On September 29, 1946, the El Capitan began running every other day, departing Los Angeles and Chicago on odd-numbered days (except the 31st). Together with the Super Chief on even-numbered days, the two trains formed what the Santa Fe billed as "the first and only daily ⁠39+3/4⁠ hour service between Chicago and California".^[5] On January 25, 1948, one of the locomotives assigned to the El Capitan crashed through a steel bumper post and concrete wall at Los Angeles' Union Passenger Terminal, ending with the locomotive dangling about 20 feet above Aliso Street.^[6] In 1948 the Santa Fe received additional equipment which permitted the Super Chief and El Capitan to start operating daily; the new schedules went into effect on February 29.^[7] The extra-fare charges were dropped from both El Capitan and the Chief on December 14, 1953.^{[citation needed]}

El Capitan was one of the first Santa Fe trains to use the Budd-built "Big Dome"-Lounge cars. These were soon given to the Chief (another AT&SF Chicago-to-Los Angeles special), and replaced by new double-decker "Hi-Level" chair cars (coaches) developed by Budd and the railroad in 1954–1956. These experimental cars had a quieter ride, increased seating capacities, and better views.^[8][9]

The Santa Fe combined the Super Chief and El Capitan on January 12, 1958. The combined train used the Super Chief's numbers, 17 and 18, but the Santa Fe continued to use both names.^[10] On its formation Amtrak continued the combined Super Chief/El Capitan designation until April 29, 1973, when it dropped the El Capitan portion.^[11] Today the route of the El Capitan is served by Amtrak's Southwest Chief. Many Amtrak trains used a combination of refurbished former Santa Fe Hi-Level cars with newer Superliner railcars until the early 2000s.^{[citation needed]}

The El Capitan debuted in February 1938 with two all-lightweight consists manufactured by the Budd Company. Each included a baggage-dormitory-coach, two coaches, a lunch counter-dining car, and coach-observation car. The baggage-dormitory-coach had a small baggage area forward, followed by bunks for the train's crew and 32 coach seats. Both coaches seated 52 and featured men's and women's restrooms at opposite ends. In the observation car the restrooms were located forward, followed by 50 coach seats. During periods of high demand additional cars were added from the Scout's pool.^[14] The Santa Fe also employed its experimental pendulum car.^[15]

Between 1946 and 1948 the Santa Fe increased the length of the El Capitan and added new cars built during and after World War II. The new El Capitan included a storage mail car, baggage-dormitory, eight 44-seat "leg-rest" coaches, two lunch counter-dining cars, a club-lounge, and a coach-observation car. Most of the coaches were built by Pullman-Standard.^[16] The reduced seating in the coaches was given over to improved leg room for passengers.^[17]

Between 1954 and 1956 the El Capitan's consist included the "Big Dome"-Lounge that replaced the mid-train club-lounge car. On July 15, 1956, the new, "Hi-Level" streamliner consist debuted. Santa Fe purchased enough "Hi-Level" equipment for five nine-car consists. Six of the railroad's older baggage-dormitory cars had a cosmetic fairing applied to the rear roofline to create the distinctive "transition" cars and maintain a streamlined appearance on El Capitan. The real transition cars were the 68-seat step down chair cars, which had a regular-height diaphragm at one end and a high-level at the other. The dining cars rode on six-wheel trucks due to their massive weight (all other cars rode on four-wheel trucks). The "Big Domes" were transferred to the Chief pool.^[18][19]

As on many "named" long haul trains of the era, the rear of the observation car bore a lighted "Drumhead".^[20] These signs included "El Capitan" in a distinctive logotype with the railroad's logo.^[21]

• 
  Pre-1956 El Capitan diner
• 
  The Big Dome car, 1954
• 
  The Hi-Level cars

• Amtrak Southwest Chief
• Passenger train service on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway

• "Day Coach Limited". Life. August 21, 1939. pp. 48–55. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
• Abbey, Wallace W. (2016). "Short hop on El Capitan". In McGonigal, Robert S. (ed.). Great Trains West. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Publishing. pp. 60–65. ISBN 978-1-62700-435-0.
• Dorin, Patrick C. (2005). The Super Chief and the El Capitan. Forest, VA: TLC Publishing. ISBN 0-9766-2019-7. OCLC 61048172.
• Duke, Donald (1997). Santa Fe...The Railroad Gateway to the American West, Volume 2. San Marino, CA: Golden West Books. ISBN 0-87095-110-6.
• Frailey, Fred W. (1974). A Quarter Century of Santa Fe Consists. Godfrey, IL: RPC Publications.
• Glischinski, Steve (1997). Santa Fe Railway. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-0380-1.
• Richmond, Al (April–June 2005). "The Other El Tovar" (PDF). The Ol' Pioneer. 16 (2). Grand Canyon Historical Society: 3, 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
• Sanders, Craig (2006). Amtrak in the Heartland. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34705-3.
• Schafer, Mike; Welsh, Joe (2002). Streamliners: History of a Railroad Icon. Saint Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 0-7603-1371-7. OCLC 51069308.
• Solomon, Brian (2010). "The Santa Fe Route". In Cooper, Bruce Clement (ed.). The Classic Western American Railroad Routes. New York: Chartwell Books. ISBN 978-0-7858-2573-9.
• Strein, Robert; et al. (2001). Santa Fe: The Chief Way. New Mexico Magazine. ISBN 0-937206-71-7.
• Wayner, Robert J., ed. (1972). Car Names, Numbers and Consists. New York: Wayner Publications. OCLC 8848690.
• Wegman, Mark (2008). American Passenger Trains and Locomotives Illustrated. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-3475-1.
• Zimmermann, Karl R. (1987). Santa Fe Streamliners: The Chiefs and their Tribesmen. New York: Quadrant Press. ISBN 0915276410. OCLC 19005401.

• Timetables: 1938, 1956 and 1967