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Eastern Cape

Eastern Cape
Province
Coat of arms of Eastern Cape
Coat of arms
Motto: 
Development through Unity
Map showing the location of the Eastern Cape in the southern part of South Africa
Location of the Eastern Cape in South Africa
Coordinates: 32°S 27°E / 32°S 27°E / -32; 27
Country South Africa
Established27 April 1994
CapitalBhisho
Largest cityGqeberha (Port Elizabeth)
Districts
List
Government
 • TypeParliamentary system
 • PremierOscar Mabuyane (ANC)
 • LegislatureEastern Cape Provincial Legislature
Area
[1]: 9 
 • Total
168,966 km2 (65,238 sq mi)
 • Rank2nd in South Africa
Highest elevation
3,019 m (9,905 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2022)[2]
 • Total
7,225,784
 • Rank4th in South Africa
 • Density43/km2 (110/sq mi)
  • Rank6th in South Africa
Population groups (2022)
[2]
 • Black85.7%
 • Coloured7.6%
 • White5.6%
 • Indian or Asian0.5%
 • Other0.7%
Languages (2022)
[2]
 • Xhosa81.8%
 • Afrikaans9.6%
 • English4.8%
 • Sotho2.4%
Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)
ISO 3166 codeZA-EC
GDPUS$30.7 billion[3]
Websitewww.ecprov.gov.za
Eastern Cape
XhosaiMpuma-Kapa
AfrikaansOos-Kaap
SetswanaKapa Botlhaba

The Eastern Cape (Xhosa: iMpuma-Kapa; Afrikaans: Oos-Kaap [ˈuəs.kɑːp]) is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. Its capital is Bhisho, and its largest city is Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth). Due to its climate and nineteenth-century towns, it is a common location for tourists. It is also known for having been home to many anti-apartheid activists, including Nelson Mandela.

The second largest province in the country (at 168,966 km2) after the Northern Cape, it was formed in 1994 out of the Xhosa homelands or bantustans of Transkei and Ciskei, together with the eastern portion of the Cape Province. The central and eastern part of the province is the traditional home of the indigenous Xhosa people. In 1820 this area, which was known as the Xhosa Kingdom, began to be settled by Europeans who originally came from England, Scotland and Ireland.

History

The Eastern Cape province was formed in 1994, incorporating areas from the former Xhosa homelands of the Transkei and Ciskei, together with what was previously part of the Cape Province. This resulted in several anomalies, including the fact that the Province has four supreme courts (in Makhanda (Grahamstown), Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth), Bhisho and Mthatha, and had enclaves of KwaZulu-Natal in the province. The latter anomaly has fallen away with amendments to municipal and provincial boundaries.

The Xhosa Kingdom was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Africa, and had all states in the Eastern Cape as tributaries. Any group, people, or tribe that recognised the Xhosa Kingdom as Paramouncy became Xhosa, practiced Xhosa culture and used isiXhosa as their main language. Some of the tribes that fall under the category of Xhosa people include: AmaMpondo, AbaThembu, AmaMpondomise, AmaHlubi, AmaBhaca, AmaXesibe, AmaBomvana and more.[original research?]

European settlers

Main articles: Graaff-Reinet and 1820 Settlers

In the late 18th century the Dutch Cape Colony slowly expanded eastwards from its original centre around Cape Town. This led to the establishment in 1786 of the Dutch settlement of Graaff-Reinet – named for the Governor of the Cape Colony Cornelius Jacob van de Graaff (in office: 1785–1791) and for his wife Hester Cornelia van de Graaff (née Reynet). Later, during the Napoleonic wars of 1803–1815, Britain took control of the Cape Colony (1806) and encouraged British citizens to migrate there as a means to boost the British population[citation needed] in the area.

From the early 1800s until the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the Eastern Cape saw colonisation by British migrants. English settlers established most of the towns, naming them either for places in England or for the original founders. British colonisation saw schools, churches, hospitals, town centres and government buildings built to speed up development.[citation needed] Some of the older European settlements include Fort Beaufort (1814), Grahamstown (1812), Port Elizabeth (1820), Salem (1820), Bathurst (1820), East London (1836), Paterson (1879), Cradock (1814), Fort Beaufort (1816) and King William's Town (1836).

Geography

The southern part of the province seen from space. Various mountain ranges in the Cape Fold Belt are visible, besides Cape Recife and Cape St. Francis.
See also: List of cities and towns in the Eastern Cape

The Eastern Cape gets progressively wetter from west to east. The west is mostly semiarid Karoo, except in the far south, which is temperate rainforest in the Tsitsikamma region. The coast is generally rugged with interspersed beaches. Most of the province is hilly to very mountainous between Graaff-Reinet and Rhodes including the Sneeuberge (English: Snow Mountains), Stormberge, Winterberge and Drakensberg (English: Dragon Mountains). The highest point in the province is Ben Macdhui at 3001 m. The east from East London and Queenstown towards the KwaZulu-Natal border – a region known previously as Transkei – is lush grassland on rolling hills, punctuated by deep gorges with intermittent forest.

Eastern Cape has a coast on its east which lines southward, creating shores leading to the south Indian Ocean. In the northeast, it borders the following districts of Lesotho:

Domestically, it borders the following provinces:

Climate

Climate is highly varied. The west is dry with sparse rain during winter or summer, with frosty winters and hot summers. The area Tsitsikamma to Grahamstown receives more precipitation, which is also relatively evenly distributed and temperatures are mild. Further east, rainfall becomes more plentiful and humidity increases, becoming more subtropical along the coast with summer rainfall. The interior can become very cold in winter, with heavy snowfalls occasionally occurring in the mountainous regions between Molteno and Rhodes.

  • Gqeberha: Jan Max: 25 °C, Min: 18 °C; Jul Max: 20 °C, Min: 9 °C
  • Molteno & Barkly East: Jan Max 28 °C, Min 11 °C; Jul Max: 14 °C, Min: -7 °C

Municipalities

Main article: List of municipalities in the Eastern Cape
Eastern Cape Population Density (2011)
Map of Eastern Cap showing municipalities and districts
Map of Eastern Cape showing municipalities and districts

The Eastern Cape Province is divided into two metropolitan municipalities and six district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 27 local municipalities.

Major cities and towns include the following (in the case of places that have been renamed, the traditional name is listed first followed by the new official name):

Demographics

As of the 2022 census, the Eastern Cape had a population of 7,230,204, an increase of 10.2% from the prior census in 2011. It is the fourth-most populous of South Africa's nine provinces. The median age is 27, an increase of 5 years from 2011.[5]

Race/Ethnicity

In the 2022 census, 85.7% of the population described themselves as Black African, 7.6% as Coloured, 5.6% as White and 0.5% as Indian/Asian.[5] A large majority of Black African people in the province are Xhosa, with 78.8% of residents in Eastern Cape identifying as Xhosa as of 2011. Unlike most of South Africa, a substantial proportion of the White population is of British descent. Roughly half of White South Africans in Eastern Cape are English-speakers of British descent while the other half are of Boer/Afrikaner ancestry. Eastern Cape is one of only two provinces in South Africa where Whites of British descent outnumber Boers/Afrikaners, the other being KwaZulu-Natal.

Historic Breakdown of Population by Group[5]
Population Group 1996 2001 2011 2022
Black African 86.6% 87.2% 86.3% 85.7%
Coloured 7.7% 7.7% 8.3% 7.6%
White 5.4% 4.9% 4.7% 5.6%
Indian/Asian 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5%
Other n/a n/a 0.3% 0.7%

Languages

Dominant home languages in the Eastern Cape

In the 2022 census, 81.8% of the population reported their first language as Xhosa, 9.6% as Afrikaans, 4.8% as English, and 2.4% as Sotho. The Eastern Cape is the only province in which native Xhosa-speakers form a majority of the population.[5]

Religion

As of the 2022 census, 86.1% of the population described themselves as Christians, 11.0% stated that they practiced Traditional African religions, and 0.6% described themselves as Muslim. 1.5% of the population described themselves as being atheist, agnostic, or having no religious affiliation.[5]

Economy

The Eastern Cape is the poorest province in South Africa and has the highest expanded and official unemployment rate in the country.[6][7][8] Subsistence agriculture predominates in the former homelands, resulting in widespread poverty. A multi billion Rand industrial development zone and deep water port are being developed in Coega to boost investment in export-oriented industries.[9] Overall the province only contributes 8% to the national GDP despite making 13.5% of the population. The real GDP of Eastern Cape stands at an estimated R230.3billion in 2017, making the province the fourth largest regional economy in SA ahead of Limpopo and Mpumalanga.[10]

Agriculture

There is much fertile land in the Eastern Cape, and agriculture remains important. The fertile Langkloof Valley in the southwest has large deciduous fruit orchards. In the Karoo there is widespread sheep farming.

The Alexandria-Makhanda area produces pineapples, chicory and dairy products, while coffee and tea are cultivated at Magwa. People in the former Transkei region are dependent on cattle, maize and sorghum-farming. An olive nursery has been developed in collaboration with the University of Fort Hare to form a nucleus of olive production in the Eastern Cape.

Domestic stock farming is slowly giving way to game farming on large scale. Eco-tourism is resulting in economic benefits, and there is lower risk needed to protect wild, native game against drought, and the natural elements. Habitat loss and poaching pose the greatest problems.

The area around Stutterheim is being cultivated extensively with timber plantations.

The basis of the province's fishing industry is squid, some recreational and commercial fishing for line fish, the collection of marine resources, and access to line-catches of hake.

Industry

With three import/export harbours and three airports offering direct flights to the main centres, and an excellent road and rail infrastructure,[citation needed] the province has been earmarked as a key area for growth and economic development in modern South Africa.[citation needed]

The two major industrial centres, Port Elizabeth and East London have well-developed economies based on the automotive industry. General Motors and Volkswagen both have major assembly lines in the Port Elizabeth area, while East London is dominated by the large DaimlerChrysler plant, now known as Mercedes-Benz South Africa.[11]

Environmental-friendly projects include the Fish River Spatial Development Initiative, the Wild Coast SDI, and two industrial development zones, the East London Industrial Development Zone and the Coega IDZ near Port Elizabeth. Coega is the largest infrastructure development in post-apartheid South Africa. The construction of the deepwater Port of Ngqura was completed and the first commercial ship anchored in October 2009.[12]

Other sectors include finance, real estate, business services, wholesale and retail trade, eco-tourism (nature reserves and game ranches) and hotels and restaurants.

Law and government

Main article: Politics of the Eastern Cape

The Eastern Cape provincial government is based in Bhisho, the provincial capital. The Eastern Cape Division of the High Court of South Africa is situated in Makhanda (Grahamstown), with local seats in Gqhebera (Port Elizabeth), East London, and Bhisho.

Like South Africa's other provinces, the Eastern Cape has a parliamentary system of government, with the premier of the province elected by the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature. The premier then selects the members of the Executive Council (cabinet). The current premier is Oscar Mabuyane of the African National Congress (ANC).

The provincial legislature is elected every five years by a system of party-list proportional representation. The most recent provincial election was held in 2024, which was won by the ANC, which has governed the province continuously since the end of Apartheid in 1994. The Democratic Alliance (DA) is the second largest party and forms the official opposition. The results of the most recent provincial election in 2024 are as follows:

PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
African National Congress1,114,29462.16Decrease 6.5845Increase 1
Democratic Alliance267,00714.89Decrease 0.8411Increase 1
Economic Freedom Fighters181,85510.14Increase 2.308Increase 3
United Democratic Movement66,5723.71Increase 1.113Increase 1
Patriotic Alliance41,3552.31New2Increase 2
African Transformation Movement27,7611.55Increase 0.031Steady 0
uMkhonto we Sizwe25,9041.44New1New
Freedom Front Plus9,3210.52Decrease 0.061Steady 0
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania9,1680.51Increase 0.100Steady 0
African Christian Democratic Party8,6420.48Increase 0.010Steady 0
ActionSA8,3150.46New0New
Rise Mzansi5,1670.29New0New
African Independent Congress3,9350.22Decrease 0.200Steady 0
Azanian People's Organisation3,8840.22Increase 0.140Steady 0
Build One South Africa3,1380.18New0New
Congress of the People2,1780.12Decrease 0.130Steady 0
Batho Pele Movement2,0780.12New0New
African People's Convention1,7700.10Decrease 0.030–
Good1,6830.09Decrease 0.150Steady 0
Al Jama-ah1,5430.09Decrease 0.060Steady 0
Alliance of Citizens for Change1,5110.08New0Steady 0
Inkatha Freedom Party1,3430.07Increase 0.020Steady 0
Arise South Africa1,1280.06New0Steady 0
African Congress for Transformation1,0470.06New0Steady 0
Komani Progress Action9760.05New0Steady 0
Independent South African National Civic Organisation8770.05New0Steady 0
African Movement Congress2690.02New0Steady 0
Total1,792,721100.00–72–

Education

The Eastern Cape Department of Education has been criticised for poor primary and secondary education[13] resulting from dysfunction,[14] special interests, and issues with the South Africa teachers union, SADTU.[15][16] The province struggles with a lack of schools; a lack of teachers leading to overcrowding; a lack of textbooks; a lack of basic facilities like toilets, electricity or water; and poor transport infrastructure which regularly absents and endangers learners. The problem is particularly acute in the former Transkei.[17]

By 2011, basic education had so deteriorated that the national Department of Basic Education intervened under section 100(1)(b) of the Constitution of South Africa, taking control of the province's educational administration.[16] The Eastern Cape has since been the worst-performing province educationally and especially in terms of matriculation;[17] matriculants' results averaged 51% in 2009,[18] 58.3% in 2011,[19] 64.9% in 2013,[20] 65.4% in 2014, and 56.8% in 2015.[21][22]

In the 2015/2016 financial year, the province failed to spend R 530 million of its allocated R 1.5 billion budget for education, most of it intended for infrastructure development.[23][24]

Equal Education's 2017 report, Planning to Fail, found a "systemic failure in Eastern Cape education".[25]

Universities

Other educational institutions

Health

The province is served by big medical centres such as Cecilia Makiwane Hospital which is a large, government-funded hospital near the city of East London that also serves as a tertiary teaching hospital. Frere Hospital is another large, provincial government-funded hospital near East London which also serves as a tertiary teaching hospital. These hospitals offer many specialty departments such as an ARV clinic for HIV/AIDS in adults and children. Both hospitals are affiliated with Lilitha Nursing College and Walter Sisulu University.

While the Eastern Cape has many hospitals and private clinics, the province has some of the worst health outcomes and service indicators in South Africa. Some of this can be attributed to staff shortages, with a report indicating that 67% of the 27 monitored facilities have insufficient staff.[26]

Rural residents in the Eastern Cape face worse health outcomes than those who reside in the larger towns or cities. This is due to a number of conditions such as lack of healthcare resources, lack of means to access healthcare resources, high unemployment, and poverty. Illiteracy is also a problem in rural communities, which further limits positive health outcomes.[27]

HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis are also ongoing issues in the region. In 2017, the Eastern Cape had a TB incidence of 839/100,000 people, which was higher than South Africa's estimated prevalence of 737/100,000.[28] Additionally, the Eastern Cape has a high overall HIV prevalence rate (25.2%) as of 2017.[29] In 2018, HIV/AIDS was the second leading underlying natural cause of death in the Eastern Cape with a 5.9% prevalence rate.[30] Since 2017, there has been an increase in the level of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which disproportionately affects poorer communities. Furthermore, obesity and undiagnosed hypertension are major concerns in rural areas.[31]

The Eastern Cape is also known for its traditional Xhosa initiation schools, which perform coming-of-age ceremonies known as ulwaluko which involve circumcision. These ceremonies have been linked to numerous complications such as coma, illness and death.[32][33]

There have been numerous reports in South African newspapers investigating the poor practices which lead to the death of young men and boys during initiation rituals.[34][35][36] In one case, an 18-year-old teenager named Yongama Boya was sent to the hospital to be circumcised, as his parents believed this would be the safer option.[37] Then, he was sent to complete the rest of his initiation ritual in a traditional initiation school in the Qumbu area of the Transkei. There, the nurse refused to accept the validity of his prior circumcision at the hospital, and she circumcised him again, resulting in his death.

Tourism

Aloe ferox on the R61 route between Cofimvaba and Ngcobo.

The landscape is extremely diverse. The western interior is largely arid Karoo, while the east is well-watered and green. The Eastern Cape offers a wide array of attractions, including 800 kilometres (500 mi) of untouched and pristine coastline along with beaches, and big-five game viewing in a malaria-free environment.

The Addo Elephant National Park, situated 73 kilometres (45 mi) from Port Elizabeth, was proclaimed in 1931. Its 743 square kilometres (287 sq mi) offers sanctuary to 170 elephants, 400 Cape buffalo and 21 black rhino of the very scarce Kenyan sub-species.

The province is the location of Tiffindell, South Africa's only snow skiing resort, which is situated near the hamlet of Rhodes in the Southern Drakensberg. It is on the slopes of Ben Macdhui, the highest mountain peak in the Eastern Cape 3,001 metres (9,846 ft).

The National Arts Festival, held annually in Grahamstown, is Africa's largest cultural event,[citation needed] offering a choice of both indigenous and imported talent. Every year for eleven days the town's population almost doubles, as over 50,000 people flock to the region for a feast of arts, crafts, music and entertainment.

Jeffreys Bay is an area with wild coastline, which is backed by sub-tropical rainforest. The waters here are noted for having good waves for surfing.

Aliwal North, lying on an agricultural plateau on the southern bank of the Orange River, is an inland resort known for its hot springs.[citation needed]

The rugged and unspoiled Wild Coast is a place of spectacular scenery. The coastal areas have been a graveyard for many vessels.

Whittlesea, Eastern Cape, situated in the Amatola Mountains, is known for the first wine estate in the province.[citation needed]

King William's Town, Alice, Queenstown, Grahamstown, Cradock and Fort Beaufort offer some of the best colonial architecture of the 19th century in the province. The two major cities lining the coast are East London and Port Elizabeth.

Sports

Notable people

Main article: List of people from the Eastern Cape

The Eastern Cape has been home to many major anti-apartheid leaders such as Robert Sobukwe, Oliver Tambo, Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Winnie Mandela, Govan Mbeki, Alfred Xuma, Cecilia Makiwane, Noni Jabavu, Thabo Mbeki, Chris Hani, Bantu Holomisa, Steve Biko, musicians Miriam Makeba, Madosini, Nathi, Dali Mpofu, Vusi Nova and Zahara, as well as historical figures such as Rev. Tiyo Soga, Samuel Mqhayi, Mongezi Sifika wa Nkomo, Enoch Sontonga and Jotello Festiri Soga.

References

  1. ^ Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. ISBN 9780621413885. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "Statistical Release - Census 2022" (PDF). statssa.gov.za. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  3. ^ "Provincial gross domestic product:experimental estimates, 2013–2022" (PDF), www.statssa.gov.za
  4. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Statistical Release - Census 2022" (PDF). statssa.gov.za. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  6. ^ "Does SA have highest unemployment rate in the world?". www.thesouthafrican.com. 24 August 2021. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  7. ^ "Mapping poverty in South Africa". southafrica-info.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  8. ^ "Eastern Cape remains SAs poorest province". dispatchlive.co.za. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^ "Billion investments coega special economic zone". biznews.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ "Eastern Cape Economy". ecdc.co.za. Retrieved 31 March 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ "VWSA steps up production as export demand grows". iol.co.za. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  12. ^ "New liquid bulk tank farm at port of ngqura a step closer – Transnet". rnews.co.za. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  13. ^ "As Zuma woos support, Eastern Cape suffers". Times LIVE. 15 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  14. ^ Ngcukana, Lubabalo (19 February 2016). "Premier's bold plans to deal with the education crisis in Eastern Cape". CityPress. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  15. ^ Gqirana, Thulani (6 January 2016). "Eastern Cape is a 'failed state' – education expert". News24. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  16. ^ a b John, Victoria. "Special Investigating Unit to probe Eastern Cape education". The M&G Online. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  17. ^ a b Motsepe, Tshepo (26 January 2016). "Motshekga has to account for her role in the education crisis – especially in the Eastern Cape". The Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  18. ^ Keet, Jacques. "Matric results a wake-up call for SA". The M&G Online. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  19. ^ "Matric pass rate 'a significant achievement'". The M&G Online. 6 January 2011. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  20. ^ "Matric: Eastern Cape remains worst province". News24. 6 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  21. ^ Jemsana, Busisiwe (13 March 2016). "Tripartite alliance to address E Cape education crisis". South African Broadcasting Corporation.[permanent dead link‍]
  22. ^ Quintal, Genevieve. "Matric results 2015: Pass rate drops to 70.7%". The M&G Online. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  23. ^ Majangaza, Sino (9 March 2016). "R530-million of unspent EC budget meant for poor schools given to other provinces". DispatchLIVE. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  24. ^ Phandle, Gugu (24 March 2016). "EC to return unspent R1bn: challenge is 'incapacity to utilise funds'". DispatchLIVE. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  25. ^ Damba-Hendrik, Nombulelo (28 April 2017). "Systemic "failure in Eastern Cape education"". Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  26. ^ "State of Provincial Healthcare System Spotlight on Eastern Cape" (PDF). TAC (Treatment Action Campaign). May 2018.
  27. ^ Mncedisi Willie, Michael; Maqbool, Mudasir (March 2023). "Access to public health services in South Africa's rural Eastern Cape Province". Applied Sciences Research Periodicals.
  28. ^ Van De Water, B. J.; Fulcher, I.; Cilliers, S.; Meyer, N.; Wilson, M.; Young, C.; Gaunt, B.; Le Roux, K. (5 April 2022). Isaakidis, Petros (ed.). "Association of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy with the occurrence of an unfavorable TB treatment outcome in a rural district hospital in Eastern Cape, South Africa: A retrospective cohort study". PLOS ONE. 17 (4): e0266082. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1766082V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266082. PMC 8982869. PMID 35381042.
  29. ^ Water, Brittney J. van de; Fulcher, Isabel; Cilliers, Suretha; Meyer, Nadishani; Wilson, Michael; Young, Catherine; Gaunt, Ben; Roux, Karl le (5 April 2022). "Association of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy with the occurrence of an unfavorable TB treatment outcome in a rural district hospital in Eastern Cape, South Africa: A retrospective cohort study". PLOS ONE. 17 (4): e0266082. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1766082V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266082. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8982869. PMID 35381042.
  30. ^ "Mortality and causes of death in South Africa: Findings from death notification" (PDF). www.statssa.gov.za. 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  31. ^ Rheeder, Paul; A. Morris-Paxton, Angela; G. Ewing, Rose-Marie; Woods, Dillon (2017). "The noncommunicable disease outcomes of primary healthcare screening in two rural subdistricts of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa". African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine. 9 (1): e1–e7. doi:10.4102/phcfm.v9i1.1466. PMC 5675926. PMID 29113445.
  32. ^ "South Africa initiation schools suspended after circumcision deaths". 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  33. ^ "Botched Circumcisions Kill 30 South African Boys". Voice of America. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  34. ^ Koyana, Xolani. "Nine boys in hospital after botched circumcisions". Archived from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  35. ^ Dayimani, Malibongwe. "Five Eastern Cape initiates have died since November's start of summer initiation season". News24. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  36. ^ "Initiate dies after assault at illegal circumcision school". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  37. ^ "Eastern Cape initiation claims another victim". The M&G Online. 18 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape