Joseph James DeAngelo
Mug shot of DeAngelo taken in 2018
Born	Joseph James DeAngelo Jr. (1945-11-08) November 8, 1945 (age 79) Bath, New York, U.S.
Other names	Visalia Ransacker East Area Rapist East Side Rapist East Bay Rapist Creek Bed Killer Diamond Knot Killer Original Night Stalker EARONS Golden State Killer[1][2]
Occupations	Police officer Mechanic
Height	5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Criminal status	Incarcerated at California State Prison, Corcoran
Spouse	Sharon Marie Huddle ​ ​ (m. 1973; div. 2019)​
Children	3
Conviction(s)	First-degree murder with special circumstances (13 counts) Kidnapping (13 counts)
Criminal penalty	13 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole plus 8 years
Details
Victims	13+ murdered 51+ raped 120+ burgled
Span of crimes	1974–1986
Country	United States
State(s)	California
Weapon	Various, including Miroku revolver
Date apprehended	April 24, 2018

Joseph James DeAngelo Jr. (born November 8, 1945) is an American criminal who committed at least 13 murders, 51 rapes, and 120 burglaries across California between 1974 and 1986.^[3][4][5] He is responsible for three known separate crime sprees throughout the state, each of which spawned a different nickname in the press, before it became evident that they were committed by the same person.

In the San Joaquin Valley, DeAngelo was known as the Visalia Ransacker from 1974 to 1976, before moving to the Sacramento area, where he became known as the East Area Rapist from 1976 to 1979 and was linked by modus operandi to additional attacks in Stockton, Modesto and Contra Costa County.^[6][7] DeAngelo committed serial murders in Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Orange counties from 1979 to 1986, and was known as the Night Stalker and later the Original Night Stalker (in order to differentiate him from Richard Ramirez, a later serial killer who also became known as the "Night Stalker"). He is believed to have taunted and threatened both victims and police via obscene phone calls and possibly written communications.

During the decades-long investigation, several suspects were cleared through DNA evidence, alibis or other investigative methods.^[8] In 2001, the combined acronym EARONS came into use after DNA testing indicated that the East Area Rapist and the Original Night Stalker were the same person.^[4] The case was a factor in the establishment of California's DNA database, which collects DNA from all accused and convicted felons in California^[9] and has been called second only to Virginia's in effectiveness in solving cold cases.^[10] In an attempt to increase awareness, crime writer Michelle McNamara coined the name Golden State Killer in early 2013.^[4]

On June 15, 2016, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and local law enforcement agencies held a news conference to announce a renewed nationwide effort, offering a $50,000 reward for the Golden State Killer's capture.^[11] On April 24, 2018, California authorities charged 72-year-old DeAngelo with eight counts of first-degree murder, based upon DNA evidence;^[12][13][14] investigators had identified members of DeAngelo's family through forensic genetic genealogy.^[15] This was also the first announcement connecting the Visalia Ransacker crimes to DeAngelo.^[16]

Owing to California's statute of limitations on pre-2017 rape cases,^[17] DeAngelo could not be charged with the rapes he had committed in the 1970s;^[18] but he was charged in August 2018 with thirteen related kidnapping and abduction attempts.^[19] On June 29, 2020, DeAngelo pled guilty to multiple counts of murder and kidnapping.^[20] As part of a plea bargain that spared him the death penalty, DeAngelo also admitted to numerous crimes with which he had not been formally charged, including rapes.^[21] On August 21, 2020, DeAngelo was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.^[22][23][24]

Joseph James DeAngelo Jr. was born on November 8, 1945, in Bath, New York, to Kathleen "Kay" Louise DeGroat (June 30, 1923 – August 21, 2010) and Joseph James DeAngelo Sr. (January 19, 1920 – February 15, 1995), a sergeant in the United States Army.^[25][26] He was of Italian ancestry and had two older sisters, Connie and Rebecca, and a younger brother, John.^[27] A relative reported that when DeAngelo was a young child, he witnessed the rape of Connie by two airmen in a warehouse in West Germany, where the family was stationed at the time.^[28] Following DeAngelo's conviction, Rebecca claimed that he was abused by their father while he was growing up.^[29]

Between 1959 and 1960, DeAngelo attended Mills Junior High School in Rancho Cordova, California. Beginning in 1961, he attended Folsom High School, from which he received a GED certificate in 1964. He played on the school's junior varsity baseball team.^[30][31] Prosecutors reported that DeAngelo committed burglaries, mail theft, and tortured and killed animals during his teenage years.^[29]

DeAngelo joined the United States Navy in September 1964^[32] and served for 22 months during the Vietnam War as a damage controlman on the cruiser USS Canberra^[33] and the destroyer tender USS Piedmont.^[34] Beginning in August 1968, DeAngelo attended Sierra College in Rocklin, California; he graduated with an associate degree in police science, with honors.^[35] He attended Sacramento State University in 1971, where he earned a bachelor's degree in criminal justice.^[31][32] DeAngelo later took post-graduate courses^[32] and further police training at the College of the Sequoias in Visalia, then completed a 32-week police internship at the police department in Roseville.^[36]

From May 1973 to August 1976, DeAngelo was a burglary unit police officer in Exeter, having relocated from Citrus Heights.^[30] He then served in Auburn from August 1976 to July 1979, when he was arrested for shoplifting a hammer and dog repellent; he was sentenced to six months of probation and fired that October.^[37][38] During the process of being fired, DeAngelo threatened to kill the chief of police and allegedly stalked the chief's house.^[37]

In May 1970, DeAngelo became engaged to nursing student Bonnie Jean Colwell, a classmate at Sierra College, but she ended the relationship in 1971 after he became manipulative and abusive,^[39] culminating in his demand that she help him cheat on an abnormal psychology test.^[40] After the break-up, he attempted to force her to marry him by threatening her with a gun.^[37][41][42]

In November 1973, he married Sharon Marie Huddle of Citrus Heights, and the wedding was held in Auburn. In 1980, they purchased a house in Citrus Heights, where he was eventually arrested decades later.^[34] Huddle became a divorce attorney in 1982, and they had three daughters: two were born in Sacramento and one was born in Los Angeles.

The couple separated in 1991.^[43] In July 2018, several months after DeAngelo's arrest, Huddle filed for a divorce,^{[30][42][44][45]} which was finalized the following year.^[46] DeAngelo committed most of the offenses while he was married and raising a family. Neither his wife nor his children ever suspected he was committing serious crimes. His eldest daughter claimed he was a "perfect father",^[47] while his wife believed his excuses for being away from home.^[48]

DeAngelo's employment history during the 1980s is unknown.^[37] From 1990 until his retirement in 2017, he worked as a truck mechanic at a Save Mart Supermarkets distribution center in Roseville.^[30][49] He was arrested in 1996 for failing to pay for gas, but the charge was dismissed.^[50]

DeAngelo's brother-in-law claimed that DeAngelo would casually bring up the East Area Rapist in conversation around the time of the original crimes. Neighbors also reported that he would frequently engage in loud, profane outbursts.^[38] One neighbor reported that his family received a phone message from DeAngelo threatening to "deliver a load of death" because of their barking dog.^[51] He was living with a daughter and granddaughter at the time of his arrest.^[37]

DNA evidence linked DeAngelo to eight murders in Goleta, Ventura, Dana Point, and Irvine; two other murders in Goleta, lacking DNA evidence, were linked by modus operandi.^[52][53] DeAngelo pleaded guilty to three other murders: two in Rancho Cordova and one in Visalia. He also committed more than 50 known rapes in the California counties of Sacramento, Contra Costa, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, Alameda, Santa Clara, and Yolo; and he was linked to hundreds of incidents of thefts, burglaries, vandalism, peeping, stalking, and prowling.^[54]

It was long suspected that the training ground of the criminal who became the East Area Rapist was Visalia.^{[55][56][57][58][59]} Earlier Visalia crimes dating back as early as May 1973 and other sprees like that of the "Cordova Cat Burglar" and the "Exeter Ransacker",^[60][61] as well as Visalia burglaries that took place after the shooting of Detective William McGowen (see below under "Shootings"), are now suspected to be linked also.^[62][63] Over a period of 20 months, DeAngelo is believed to have been responsible for one murder and around 120 burglaries.^[64]

In late-April 2018, the Visalia chief of police stated that while there was no DNA linking DeAngelo to the Central Valley cases, his department had other evidence that played a role in the investigation; and he was "confident that the Visalia Ransacker has been captured".^[65] Though the statutes of limitations for the burglaries have each expired,^[6][66] DeAngelo was formally charged on August 13, 2018, with the first degree murder of Claude Snelling in 1975.^[66][67] In 2020, DeAngelo pleaded guilty to the Snelling murder.^[68]

The first recorded ransacking occurred on March 19, 1974, when a sum of $50 in coins was stolen from a piggy bank.^[69] Most of the Ransacker's activities involved breaking into houses, rifling through or vandalizing the owner's possessions, scattering women's underclothes and stealing a range of low-value items while often ignoring banknotes and higher-valued items in plain sight.^[70] The Ransacker would also often arrange or display items in the house. Items emptied included piggy banks and coin jars; and stolen items often included Blue Chip Stamps, foreign or historic coins, and personal items (such as single earrings, cuff-links, rings, or medallions) but also included six weapons and various types of ammunition.^[69][71][72] Multiple same-day ransackings were common as well,^[73][74] including 12 separate incidents on November 30, 1974.^[69] Common characteristics of the burglaries included:^[75][69][76]

• climbing fences and moving through established routes such as parks, walkways, ditches, and trails
• attempting to pry open multiple points of entry, particularly windows
• leaving multiple points of escape open, especially windows, as well as the house, garage, and garden doors
• moving removed window screens onto beds or into bedrooms
• placing "warning items" such as dishes or bottles against doors and on door handles
• wearing gloves (given the absence of fingerprint evidence)

On September 11, 1975, DeAngelo broke into the home of Claude Snelling, 45. Snelling, a journalism professor at the College of the Sequoias, had previously chased a prowler discovered under his 16-year-old daughter's bedroom window around 10:00 p.m. on February 5, 1975.^[69] On September 11, he was awakened around 2:00 a.m. by strange noises.^[77] Upon leaving his bedroom, Snelling ran through the open back door and confronted a ski-masked intruder in his carport attempting to kidnap his daughter, who had been subdued with threats of being stabbed or shot.^[78] Snelling was then shot twice, staggered back into the house to his wife, and later died.^[70][79] After the shooting, the assailant punched and kicked the daughter, leaving her on the ground, and fled the scene.^[80] A stolen bicycle, tied to the assailant, was found nearby at 615 Redwood Street.^[70] After the murder, Beth Snelling, 16, underwent hypnosis in order to gather further details.^[79] The Visalia police also committed more resources to apprehending the Ransacker,^[77] and a $4,000 reward was posted. Nighttime stakeouts were set up near houses that he had previously prowled, but the ransackings continued.

Around 8:30 p.m. on December 12, 1975,^[81] a masked man entered the back yard of a house at 1505 W. Kaweah Avenue, near where the Ransacker had been reported to frequent.^[82][83] When Detective William McGowen (on stakeout inside the garage) attempted to detain the man, the suspect shrieked, removed his mask, and feigned surrender after McGowen fired a warning shot.^[83][84] However, after jumping the fence to the house at 1501, he also pulled out a revolver with his left hand and fired once near McGowen's face, shattering his flashlight.^[85] Nearby officers rushed to aid McGowen, and the shooter was able to escape.^[84] Items collected as evidence included the flashlight, tennis shoe tracks, and dropped loot, namely Blue Chip Stamps and a sock full of coins.^[83]

DeAngelo moved to the Sacramento area in 1976, where his crimes escalated from burglary to rape. The crimes initially centered on the then-unincorporated areas of Carmichael, Citrus Heights, and Rancho Cordova, east of Sacramento.^[5] His initial modus operandi was to stalk middle-class neighborhoods at night in search of women who were alone in one-story homes, usually near a school, creek, trail or other open space that would provide a quick escape.^[86] He was seen a number of times but always successfully fled; on one occasion, he shot and seriously wounded a young pursuer.

Most victims had seen or heard a prowler on their property before the attacks, and many had experienced break-ins. Police believed that the offender would conduct extensive reconnaissance in a targeted neighborhood—looking into windows and prowling in yards—before selecting a home to attack. It was believed that he sometimes entered the homes of future victims to unlock windows, unload guns, and plant ligatures for later use. He frequently telephoned future victims, sometimes for months in advance, to learn their daily routines.^[4][88]

Although DeAngelo originally targeted women alone in their homes or with children,^[8][89] he eventually preferred attacking couples.^[8][90][91] This change in modus operandi is believed to be a direct result of media reports claiming he only attacked women alone in the home. His usual method was to break in through a window or sliding glass door and awaken the sleeping occupants with a flashlight, threatening them with a handgun.^[8] Victims were subsequently bound with ligatures (often shoelaces) that he found or brought with him, then blindfolded and gagged them with towels that he had ripped into strips. The female victim was usually forced to tie up her male companion before she was bound.^[92] The bindings were often so tight that the victims' hands were numb for hours after being untied. He then separated the couple, often stacking dishes on the man's back and threatening to kill everyone in the house if he heard them rattle. He would then move the woman to the living room and rape her, often again and again.^[8][92][93] A decade later, police reported that DeAngelo repeatedly said, "I hate you, Bonnie," during a 1978 rape, the 37th attack.^[94] DeAngelo sometimes spent hours in the home ransacking closets and drawers,^[95] eating food in the kitchen, drinking beer, raping the woman again, or making additional threats. Victims sometimes thought he had left the house before he "jump[ed] from the darkness".^[92]

A young Sacramento couple—21-year-old Brian Keith Maggiore, a military policeman at Mather Air Force Base, and his 20-year-old wife Katie Lee Maggiore—were walking their dog in the Rancho Cordova area on the night of February 2, 1978, near where five East Area Rapist attacks had occurred.^[134] The Maggiores fled after a confrontation in the street but were chased down and shot to death.^[135] Some investigators suspected that they had been murdered by the East Area Rapist because of their proximity to the other attacks' locations, and a shoelace was found nearby. The FBI announced on June 15, 2016, that it was confident that the East Area Rapist had murdered the Maggiores.^[136] On June 29, 2020, DeAngelo entered a plea of guilty to these murders.^[137]

Shortly after the rape committed on July 5, 1979, DeAngelo moved to Southern California and began killing his victims, first striking in Santa Barbara County in October. The attacks lasted until 1981, with a lone 1986 attack. Only the couple in the first attack survived, alerting neighbors and forcing the intruder to flee; the other victims were murdered by gunshot or bludgeoning. Since DeAngelo was not linked to these crimes for decades, he was known as the Night Stalker in the area, before being renamed the Original Night Stalker after serial killer Richard Ramirez received the former nickname.^[138]

On October 1, an intruder broke in and tied up a Goleta couple. Alarmed at hearing him say, "I'll kill 'em" to himself,^[8] the man and woman tried to escape when he left the room, and the woman screamed. Realizing that the alarm had been raised, the intruder fled on a bicycle.^[8] A neighbor (an FBI agent) responded to the noise and pursued the perpetrator, who abandoned the bicycle and a knife and escaped on foot through local backyards.

On December 30, 44-year-old orthopedic surgeon Dr. Robert Offerman and 35-year-old clinical psychologist Dr. Debra Alexandria Manning were found shot to death in the bedroom of Offerman's condominium on Avenida Pequena in Goleta. Manning had also been raped. Two of her rings were found hidden between the mattress and bed frame near her body.^[146] Offerman's bindings were untied, indicating that he had lunged at the attacker. Neighbors had heard gunshots.^[146] Paw prints of a large dog were found at the scene, leading to speculation that the killer may have brought one with him. The killer ate leftover Christmas turkey from Offerman's refrigerator, leaving the remnants in the kitchen. There was also evidence the killer had broken into the vacant adjoining condo and stolen a bicycle, later found abandoned on a street north of the scene, from a third residence in the complex.^[2]

On March 13, 33-year-old interior designer Charlene Smith and 43-year-old attorney Lyman Smith were found murdered in their Ventura home;^[147] Charlene Smith had also been raped.^[8] A log from a woodpile on the side of the house was used to bludgeon the victims to death. They were discovered three days later by Lyman's 12-year old son when he stopped by to mow the lawn. The bedroom alarm clock was still going off. ^[148] Their wrists and ankles had been bound with drapery cord.^[8] An unusual Chinese knot, a diamond knot, was used on Charlene's wrists; the same knot was noted in the East Area Rapist attacks, at least one confirmed case of which was publicly known.^[2] The murderer was, therefore, briefly given the name Diamond Knot Killer.^[149]

On August 19, 24-year-old Keith Eli Harrington and 27-year-old Patrice Briscoe Harrington were found bludgeoned to death in their home on Cockleshell Drive in Dana Point's Niguel Shores gated community.^[150] Patrice Harrington had also been raped. She was bludgeoned so severely that her face and skull were pulverized.^[8][151] Although there was evidence that the Harringtons' wrists and ankles were bound, no murder weapon or ligatures were found at the scene.^[150] The Harringtons had been married for three months at the time of their deaths.^[150] Patrice was a pediatric nurse in Irvine, and Keith was a fourth year medical student at UC Irvine. He was on course to graduate early in December of 1980.^[150] Keith's brother Bruce later spent nearly $2 million supporting California Proposition 69, authorizing DNA collection from all California felons and certain other criminals.^[8][140]

On February 6, 28-year-old Manuela Witthuhn was raped and murdered in her Irvine home.^[8][152] Although Witthuhn's body had signs of being tied before she was bludgeoned,^[8] no murder weapon or ligatures were found. Though the victim was married, her husband was away, hospitalized; and she was alone at the time of the attack.^[152]

On July 27, 35-year-old Cheri Domingo and 27-year-old Gregory Sanchez became the Original Night Stalker's tenth and eleventh murder victims.^[153] Both were attacked in Domingo's residence on Toltec Way in Goleta (several blocks south of Robert Offerman's condominium), where Domingo was living temporarily; it was owned by a relative and up for sale.^[154] The offender entered the house through a small bathroom window.

Some believe that Sanchez may have realized he was dealing with the man responsible for the Offerman–Manning murders and tried to tackle the killer rather than be tied up. Again, no neighbors responded to the gunshot.^[154] Sanchez's head was covered with clothes pulled from the closet. Domingo was raped and bludgeoned; bruises on her wrists and ankles indicated that she had been tied, although the restraints were missing.^[155] A piece of shipping twine was found near the bed, and fibers from an unknown source were scattered over her body.^[156] Authorities believed that the attacker may have worked as a painter or in a similar job at the Calle Real Shopping Centre.^{[155][157][142]}

On May 4, 18-year-old Janelle Lisa Cruz was found dead after she was raped^[53][145] and bludgeoned in her Irvine home.^[158] Her family was on vacation in Mexico at the time of the attack. The house was for sale and her body was discovered by a realtor who stopped by to show the house to a prospective buyer. Janelle's body was found on her bed, beaten beyond recognition, with her teeth found in both her hair and lungs.^[8][152] A pipe wrench, reported missing by Cruz's stepfather, was thought to be the murder weapon.

After DeAngelo was arrested, he was also suspected of committing the 1974 Visalia rape and murder of Jennifer Armour, the 1975 Exeter rape and murder of Donna Jo Richmond, and a 1978 murder of a woman and her son in Simi Valley, but was cleared as a suspect in all four murders by DNA testing.^{[159][160][161][162][163][164]} Victoria Police ruled out a link between DeAngelo, who docked in Australia during his Navy service, and the Melbourne serial child rapist and murderer known as "Mr Cruel".^[165]

In December 1977, someone claiming to be the East Area Rapist sent a poem, "Excitement's Crave", to The Sacramento Bee, the Sacramento mayor's office, and television station KVIE. On December 11, a masked man eluded pursuit by law-enforcement personnel after alerting authorities by telephone that he would strike on Watt Avenue that night:^[166]

Excitement's Crave

All those mortal's surviving birth
Upon facing maturity,
Take inventory of their worth
To prevailing society.

Choosing values becomes a task;
Oneself must seek satisfaction.
The selected route will unmask
Character when plans take action.

Accepting some work to perform
At fixed pay, but promise for more,
Is a recognized social norm,
As is decorum, seeking lore.

Achieving while others lifting
Should be cause for deserving fame.
Leisure tempts excitement seeking,
What's right and expected seems tame.

"Jessie James" has been seen by all,
And "Son of Sam" has an author.
Others now feel temptations call.
Sacramento should make an offer.

To make a movie of my life
That will pay for my planned exile.
Just now I'd like to add the wife
Of a Mafia lord to my file.

Your East Area Rapist
And deserving pest.
See you in the press or on T.V.

Front of "Mad is the Word"

Reverse of "Mad is the Word"

Front of the "punishment" map

Reverse of the map, with the word "punishment" scrawled across the page

During the investigation in Danville of the 42nd attack, investigators discovered three sheets of notebook paper near where a suspicious vehicle had reportedly been parked. They believe the pages were dropped accidentally, perhaps by falling out of a bag.^[4] The first sheet appears to be a homework essay on General George Armstrong Custer.^[4]

The second sheet contains a journal-style entry describing a teacher who made students write lines, which the author found humiliating:^[4]

"Mad is the word, the word that reminds me of 6th grade. I hated that year ... I wish I had know what was going to be going on during my 6th-grade year, the last and worst year of elementary school. Mad is the word that remains in my head about my dreadful year as a 6th grader. My Madness was one that was caused by disapointments that hurt me very much. Dissapointments from my teacher, such as feild trips that were planed, then canncled. My 6th-grade teacher gave me a lot of dissapointments which made me very mad and made me built a state of haterd in my heart, no one ever let me down that hard before and I never hated anyone as much as I did him. Disapointment wasn't the only reason that made me mad in my sixth-grade class, another was getting in trouble at school espeically talking thats what really bugged me was writing sentances, those awful sentance that my teacher made ... me write, hours and hours Id sit and write 50-100-150 sentance day and night I write those dreadful Paragraphs which embarrased me and more inportant it made me ashamed of myself which in turn, deep down in side made me realize that writing sentance wasn't fair it wasn't fair to make me suffer like that, it just wasn't fair to make me sit and wright until my bones aked, until my hand felt every horrid pain it ever had and as I wrote, I got mader and mader until I cried, I cried because I was ashamed I cried because I was discusted, I cried because I was mad, and I cried for myself, kid who kept on having to write those dane sentances. My Angryness from Sixth grade will scar my memory for life and I will be ashamed for my sixth grade year forever"

On the last sheet was a hand-drawn map of what appears to be a suburban neighborhood, with the word "punishment" scrawled across the reverse side.^[167] Investigators were unable to identify the area depicted in the map, although the artist clearly had knowledge of architectural layout and landscape design.^[168] According to Detective Larry Pool, the map is a fantasy location representing the rapist's desired striking ground.^[4]

On March 18, 1977, the Sacramento County Sheriff's Office received three calls from a man claiming to be the East Area Rapist; none were recorded.^[169] The first two calls, received at 4:15 and 4:30 p.m., were identical and ended with the caller laughing and hanging up.

A man claiming to be the rapist called the Sacramento Police Department, saying: "You're never gonna catch me, East Area Rapist, you dumb fuckers; I'm gonna fuck again tonight. Be careful!" The call was recorded and later released.^[88]

Shortly before 10:00 p.m. on December 10, 1977, Sacramento authorities received two identical calls, saying, "I am going to hit tonight. Watt Avenue." Both were recorded, and the caller was identified as the same person who placed the call on December 2. Law-enforcement patrols were increased that night; and at 2:30 a.m., a masked man eluded officers after being seen bicycling on the Watt Avenue bridge. When spotted again at 4:30 a.m., he discarded the bicycle and fled on foot.^[166]

The first known rape victim received a wrong-number call asking for "Ray" on January 2, 1978. The call was recorded, and police suspect that it may have been the same caller who made a threatening call to her later that evening.^[170] That call was also recorded and identified by the victim as the voice of her assailant.^[4] The caller said, "Gonna kill you ... gonna kill you ... gonna kill you ... bitch ... bitch ... bitch ... bitch ... fuckin' whore."^[88]

A man claiming to be the East Area Rapist called the Contact Counseling Service and said, "I have a problem. I need help because I don't want to do this anymore." After a short conversation, the caller said, "I believe you are tracing this call" and hung up.^[171]

In 1982, a previous victim received a call at her place of work—a Denny's restaurant—during which the rapist threatened to rape her again. According to Contra Costa County investigator Paul Holes, the rapist must have chanced to patronize the restaurant and recognized his victim there.^[172][173]

In 1991, a previous victim received a phone call from the perpetrator and spoke with him for one minute. She could hear a woman and children in the background, leading to speculation that he had a family.^[5]

On April 6, 2001, one day after an article in The Sacramento Bee linked the Original Night Stalker and the East Area Rapist, a victim of the rapist received a call from him; he asked, "Remember when we played?"^[173]

Before officially connecting the Original Night Stalker to the East Area Rapist in 2001, some law-enforcement officials (particularly from the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department) sought to link the Goleta cases as well.^[174] The links were primarily due to similarities in modus operandi. One of the already-linked Original Night Stalker double murders occurred in Ventura, 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Goleta; and the remaining murders were committed in Orange County, an additional 90 miles (140 km) southeast. In 2001, several rapes in Contra Costa County believed to have been committed by the East Area Rapist were linked by DNA to the Smith, Harrington, Witthuhn, and Cruz murders. A decade later, DNA evidence indicated that the Domingo–Sanchez murders were also committed by the East Area Rapist (also identified as the Golden State Killer).^[15][175]

On June 15, 2016, the FBI released further information related to the crimes, including new composite sketches and crime details;^[134] a $50,000 reward was also announced.^[176] The initiative included a national database to support law enforcement's investigating of the crimes and to handle tips and information.^[177] Eventually, "through the use of genetic genealogy searching on GEDmatch, investigators identified distant relatives of DeAngelo—including family members directly related to his great-great-great-great grandfather dating back to the 1800s. Based on this information, investigators built about 25 different family trees. The tree that eventually linked to [DeAngelo] alone contained approximately 1,000 people. Over the course of a few months, investigators used other clues like age, sex, and place of residence to rule out suspects populating these trees, eliminating suspects one by one until only DeAngelo remained."^[15]

Identification of DeAngelo began in December 2017 when officials, led by detective Paul Holes and FBI lawyer Steve Kramer, uploaded the killer's DNA profile from a Ventura County rape kit to the personal genomics website GEDmatch.^[178] The website identified 10 to 20 people who had the same great-great-great-grandparents as the Golden State Killer; a team of five investigators working with genealogist Barbara Rae-Venter used this list to construct a large family tree.^[179] From this tree, they established two suspects; one was ruled out by a relative's DNA test, leaving DeAngelo the main suspect.^[180]

On April 18, 2018, a DNA sample was surreptitiously collected from the door handle of DeAngelo's car;^[62] another sample was later collected from a tissue found in DeAngelo's curbside garbage can.^[181] Both were matched to samples associated with Golden State Killer crimes.^[18] Since DeAngelo's arrest, some commentators have raised concerns about the ethics of the secondary use of personally identifiable information.^[182][15] During the investigation, several people were considered and later eliminated as suspects:

• Brett Glasby, from Goleta, was considered a suspect by Santa Barbara County investigators. He was murdered in Mexico in 1982 before the murder of Janelle Cruz, eliminating him as a suspect.^[183]
• Paul "Cornfed" Schneider, a high-ranking member of the Aryan Brotherhood, was living in Orange County when the Harringtons, Manuela Witthuhn, and Janelle Cruz were killed. A DNA test cleared him in the 1990s.^[184][185]
• Joe Alsip, a friend and business partner of the victim Lyman Smith. Alsip's pastor said that Alsip had confessed to him during a family-counseling session. Alsip was arraigned for the Smith murders in 1982, but the charges were later dropped,^[186][187] and his innocence was confirmed by DNA testing in 1997.^[188]

On the evening of April 24, 2018, Sacramento County Sheriff's deputies arrested DeAngelo in the side yard of his Sacramento home.^[189][190] He was charged with eight counts of first-degree murder with special circumstances.^[14][191] On May 10, the Santa Barbara County District Attorney's office charged DeAngelo with four additional counts of first-degree murder.^[192] DeAngelo made a confession of sorts after his arrest that cryptically referred to an inner personality named "Jerry", who had forced him to commit the wave of crimes that ended abruptly in 1986.

According to Sacramento County prosecutor Thien Ho, DeAngelo said the following to himself while alone in a police interrogation room after his arrest in April 2018: "I didn't have the strength to push him out. He made me. He went with me. It was like in my head, I mean, he's a part of me. I didn't want to do those things. I pushed Jerry out and had a happy life. I did all those things. I destroyed all their lives. So now I've got to pay the price."^[193] Detectives ignored DeAngelo's initial requests to speak to an attorney, later citing a legal theory that this potential Miranda violation would be justified, with the understanding that prosecutors could not use the interview against the defendant in court.^[194]

DeAngelo could not be charged with rapes or burglaries, as the statute of limitations had expired for those offenses, but he was charged with 13 counts of murder and 13 counts of kidnapping. DeAngelo was arraigned in Sacramento on August 23, 2018. In November 2018, prosecutors from six involved counties collectively estimated that the case could cost taxpayers $20 million and last 10 years.^[195] At an April 10, 2019, court proceeding, prosecutors announced that they would seek the death penalty, and the judge ruled that cameras could be allowed inside the courtroom during the trial.^[196][197]

On March 4, 2020, DeAngelo offered to plead guilty if the death penalty were taken off the table, which was not accepted at the time. On June 29, as part of a plea bargain to avoid the death penalty, DeAngelo pleaded guilty to 13 counts of first-degree murder and special circumstances (including murder committed during burglaries and rapes), as well as thirteen counts of kidnapping.^{[198][199][200][201]} On August 21, 2020, DeAngelo received multiple consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole.

DeAngelo offered a brief apology after listening to days of pre-sentencing victim impact statements: "I've listened to all your statements, each one of them, and I'm truly sorry to everyone I've hurt."^{[202][203][204]} In November 2020, DeAngelo was transferred to the North Kern State Prison.^[205] As of February 2021, DeAngelo is incarcerated in protective custody at California State Prison, Corcoran.^[206]

• List of serial killers in the United States
• List of serial rapists by number of victims
• List of longest prison sentences

• Crompton, Larry (2010). Sudden Terror. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4520-5241-0.
• Morford, Michael; Ferguson, Michael (2018). The Case of the Golden State Killer: Based on the Podcast with Additional Commentary, Photographs and Documents. WildBlue Press. ISBN 978-1947290556.
• McNamara, Michelle (2018). I'll Be Gone in the Dark: One Woman's Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-231978-4.
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• "Help us catch a killer". Los Angeles. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (includes numerous photos and maps)
• Unmasking a Killer (Report). CNN. February 13, 2018. Archived from the original on March 2, 2018. A seven-part series that profiles California's most prolific uncaught serial killer.

• 3 Golden State Killer podcasts that go deep on the case (podcast links). Time.
• Man in the window (podcast). Los Angeles Times.
• The Creep Among Us. Stitcher (podcast).
• The Golden State Killer (Joseph James DeAngelo) (podcast).

• "The Original Nightstalker". Cold Case Files. Season 2. Episode 22. A&E Television Networks.
• "Dark Minds: The Original Nightstalker". Investigation Discovery.
• "Golden State Killer: It's Not Over". Investigation Discovery.
• I'll Be Gone in the Dark. 2020. HBO documentary.
• "The Golden State Killer". Very Scary People. 2021. Investigation Discovery.

• Zabel, Joseph (2019). "The killer inside us: Law, ethics, and the forensic use of family genetics". Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law. 24 (2). SSRN 3368705. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.

• Full Interview: Golden State Killer investigator Paul Holes (video) – via YouTube.
• Cold Case – EARONS at coldcase-earons.com
• EAR/ONS magazine – 188-page magazine of related photos and news articles (from Casefile)
  • "The Original Nightstalker Map, Part 5a". casefilepodcast.com. Map of the EAR/ONS crimes
• "East Area Rapist / Original Night Stalker". ear-ons.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
• Map of the East Area Rapist / Original Night Stalker / Golden State Killer Crimes
• True Crime Diary at truecrimediary.com
• Collection of newspaper clippings about the Golden State Killer at Newspapers.com