E series of preferred numbers

The E series is a system of preferred numbers (also called preferred values) derived for use in electronic components. It consists of the E3, E6, E12, E24, E48, E96 and E192 series,^[1] where the number after the 'E' designates the quantity of logarithmic value "steps" per decade. Although it is theoretically possible to produce components of any value, in practice the need for inventory simplification has led the industry to settle on the E series for resistors, capacitors, inductors, and zener diodes. Other types of electrical components are either specified by the Renard series (for example fuses) or are defined in relevant product standards (for example IEC 60228 for wires).

History

During the Golden Age of Radio (1920s to 1950s), numerous companies manufactured vacuum tube based AM radio receivers for consumer use. In the early years, many components were not standardized between numerous AM radio manufacturers. The capacitance values of capacitors (previously called condensers)^[2]^[3] and resistance values of resistors^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] were not standardized as they are today.^[8]

In 1924, the Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA) was formed in Chicago, Illinois by 50 radio manufacturers to license and share patents. Over time, this group created some of the earliest standards for electronics components. In 1936, the RMA adopted a preferred number system for the resistance values of fixed composition resistors.^[9] Over time, resistor manufacturers migrated from older values to the 1936 resistance value standard.^[6]^[7]

During World War II (1940s), American and British military production was a major influence for establishing common standards across many industries, especially in electronics, where it was essential to produce large quantities of standardized electronic parts for military devices, such as wireless communications, radars, radar jammers, LORAN navigation, and more.

Later, the mid-20th century baby boom and the invention of the transistor kicked off demand for consumer electronics goods during the 1950s. As portable transistor radio manufacturing migrated from United States towards Japan during the late-1950s, it was critical for the electronic industry to have international standards.

After being worked on by the RMA,^[10] the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) began work on an international standard in 1948.^[11] The first version of this IEC Publication 63 (IEC 63) was released in 1952.^[12] Later, IEC 63 was revised, amended, and renamed into the current version known as IEC 60063:2015.^[13]

IEC 60063 release history:

IEC 63:1952 (aka IEC 60063:1952), first edition, published 1952-01-01.^[12]
IEC 63:1963 (aka IEC 60063:1963), second edition, published 1963-01-01.^[11]
IEC 63:1967/AMD1:1967 (aka IEC 60063:1967/AMD1:1967), first amendment of second edition, published 1967.^[11]
IEC 63:1977/AMD2:1977 (aka IEC 60063:1977/AMD2:1977), second amendment of second edition, published 1977.^[11]
IEC 60063:2015, third edition, published 2015-03-27.^[13]

Overview

The E series of preferred numbers was chosen such that when a component is manufactured it will end up in a range of roughly equally spaced values (geometric progression) on a logarithmic scale. Each E series subdivides each decade magnitude into steps of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192 values.^{[nb 1]} Subdivisions of E3 to E192 ensure the maximum error will be divided in the order of 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%. Also, the E192 series is used for 0.25% and 0.1% tolerance resistors.

Historically, the E series is split into two major groupings:

E3, E6, E12, E24 are subsets of E24. Values in this group are rounded to 2 significant figures.
E48, E96, E192 are subsets of E192. Values in this group are rounded to 3 significant figures.

Formula

The formula for each value is determined by the m-th root, but unfortunately the calculated values don't match the official values of all E series.

$V_{n}=\mathrm {round} ({\sqrt[{m}]{10^{n}}})$

where:

V_{n}

is rounded to 2 significant figures (E3, E6, E12, E24) or 3 significant figures (E48, E96, E192),

m

is an integer of the E series group size (3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192),

n

is an integer of

\{0,1,...,m-1\}.

exceptions:

The official values for E48 and E96 series match their calculated values, but all other series (E3 / E6 / E12 / E24 / E192) have one or more official values that don't match their calculated values (see subsets sections below).

E24 subsets

For E3 / E6 / E12 / E24, the values from the formula are rounded to 2 significant figures, but eight official values (shown in bold & green) are different from the calculated values (shown in red). During the early half of the 20th century, electronic components had different sets of component values than today. In the late-1940s, standards organizations started working towards codifying a standard set of official component values, and they decided that it wasn't practical to change some of the former established historical values. The first standard was accepted in Paris in 1950, then published as IEC 63 in 1952.^[12] The official values of the E3 / E6 / E12 series are subsets of the following official E24 values.

Comparison of rounded log-scaled values and official values of E24 series ( $m=24$ )
$n=\{0,...,23\}$	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23
Calculated $V_{n}$ values	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.8	2.0	2.2	2.4	2.6	2.9	3.2	3.5	3.8	4.2	4.6	5.1	5.6	6.2	6.8	7.5	8.3	9.1
Official E24 values	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.8	2.0	2.2	2.4	2.7	3.0	3.3	3.6	3.9	4.3	4.7	5.1	5.6	6.2	6.8	7.5	8.2	9.1

The E3 series is rarely used,^{[nb 1]} except for some components with high variations like electrolytic capacitors, where the given tolerance is often unbalanced between negative and positive such as ^+50%
_−30% or ^+80%
_−20%, or for components with uncritical values such as pull-up resistors. The calculated constant tangential tolerance for this series gives (³√10 − 1) ÷ (³√10 + 1) = 36.60%, approximately. While the standard only specifies a tolerance greater than 20%, other sources indicate 40% or 50%. Currently, most electrolytic capacitors are manufactured with values in the E6 or E12 series, thus E3 series is mostly obsolete.

E192 subsets

For E48 / E96 / E192, the values from the formula are rounded to 3 significant figures, but one value (shown in bold) is different from the calculated values.

To calculate the E48 series: $m$ is 48, then $n$ is incremented from 0 to 47 through the formula. All official values of E48 series match their calculated values.
To calculate the E96 series: $m$ is 96, then $n$ is incremented from 0 to 95 through the formula. All official values of E96 series match their calculated values.
To calculate the E192 series: $m$ is 192, then $n$ is incremented from 0 to 191 through the formula, with one exception for $n=185$ where 9.20 is the official value instead of the calculated 9.19 value.

Since some values of the E24 series do not exist in the E48 / E96 / E192 series, some resistor manufacturers have added missing E24 values into some of their 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1% tolerance resistor families. This allows easier purchasing migration between various tolerances. This E series merging is noted on resistor datasheets and webpages as "E96 + E24" or "E192 + E24".^[14]^[15]^[16] In the following table, the dashed E24 values don't exist in E48 / E96 / E192 series:

E24 values that exist in E48 / E96 / E192 series
E24 values	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.8	2.0	2.2	2.4	2.7	3.0	3.3	3.6	3.9	4.3	4.7	5.1	5.6	6.2	6.8	7.5	8.2	9.1
E48 values	1.00	1.10	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7.50	–	–
E96 values	1.00	1.10	–	1.30	1.50	–	–	2.00	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7.50	–	–
E192 values	1.00	1.10	1.20	1.30	1.50	1.60	1.80	2.00	–	2.40	–	–	–	–	–	–	4.70	–	–	–	–	7.50	–	–

Examples

If a manufacturer sold resistors with all values in a range of 1 ohm to 10 megaohms, the available resistance values for E3 through E12 would be:

E3 (in ohms)	E6 (in ohms)	E12 (in ohms)
1.0, 2.2, 4.7, 10, 22, 47, 100, 220, 470, 1 k, 2.2 k, 4.7 k, 10 k, 22 k, 47 k, 100 k, 220 k, 470 k, 1 M, 2.2 M, 4.7 M, 10 M	1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8, 10, 15, 22, 33, 47, 68, 100, 150, 220, 330, 470, 680, 1 k, 1.5 k, 2.2 k, 3.3 k, 4.7 k, 6.8 k, 10 k, 15 k, 22 k, 33 k, 47 k, 68 k, 100 k, 150 k, 220 k, 330 k, 470 k, 680 k, 1 M, 1.5 M, 2.2 M, 3.3 M, 4.7 M, 6.8 M, 10 M	1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2, 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82, 100, 120, 150, 180, 220, 270, 330, 390, 470, 560, 680, 820, 1 k, 1.2 k, 1.5 k, 1.8 k, 2.2 k, 2.7 k, 3.3 k, 3.9 k, 4.7 k, 5.6 k, 6.8 k, 8.2 k, 10 k, 12 k, 15 k, 18 k, 22 k, 27 k, 33 k, 39 k, 47 k, 56 k, 68 k, 82 k, 100 k, 120 k, 150 k, 180 k, 220 k, 270 k, 330 k, 390 k, 470 k, 560 k, 680 k, 820 k, 1 M, 1.2 M, 1.5 M, 1.8 M, 2.2 M, 2.7 M, 3.3 M, 3.9 M, 4.7 M, 5.6 M, 6.8 M, 8.2 M, 10 M

If a manufacturer sold capacitors with all values in a range of 1 pF to 10,000 μF, the available capacitance values for E3 and E6 would be:

E3	E6
1.0 pF, 2.2 pF, 4.7 pF, 10 pF, 22 pF, 47 pF, 100 pF, 220 pF, 470 pF, 1 nF, 2.2 nF, 4.7 nF, 10 nF, 22 nF, 47 nF, 100 nF, 220 nF, 470 nF, 1 μF, 2.2 μF, 4.7 μF, 10 μF, 22 μF, 47 μF, 100 μF, 220 μF, 470 μF, 1000 μF, 2200 μF, 4700 μF, 10000 μF	1.0 pF, 1.5 pF, 2.2 pF, 3.3 pF, 4.7 pF, 6.8 pF, 10 pF, 15 pF, 22 pF, 33 pF, 47 pF, 68 pF, 100 pF, 150 pF, 220 pF, 330 pF, 470 pF, 680 pF, 1 nF, 1.5 nF, 2.2 nF, 3.3 nF, 4.7 nF, 6.8 nF, 10 nF, 15 nF, 22 nF, 33 nF, 47 nF, 68 nF, 100 nF, 150 nF, 220 nF, 330 nF, 470 nF, 680 nF, 1 μF, 1.5 μF, 2.2 μF, 3.3 μF, 4.7 μF, 6.8 μF, 10 μF, 15 μF, 22 μF, 33 μF, 47 μF, 68 μF, 100 μF, 150 μF, 220 μF, 330 μF, 470 μF, 680 μF, 1000 μF, 1500 μF, 2200 μF, 3300 μF, 4700 μF, 6800 μF, 10000 μF

Lists

List of official values for each E series:^{[nb 1]}

E3 values: (40% tolerance); 1.0, 2.2, 4.7
E6 values: (20% tolerance); 1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8
E12 values: (10% tolerance); 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2
E24 values: (5% tolerance); 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.5, 8.2, 9.1
E48 values: (2% tolerance); 1.00, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.21, 1.27, 1.33, 1.40, 1.47, 1.54, 1.62, 1.69, 1.78, 1.87, 1.96, 2.05, 2.15, 2.26, 2.37, 2.49, 2.61, 2.74, 2.87, 3.01, 3.16, 3.32, 3.48, 3.65, 3.83, 4.02, 4.22, 4.42, 4.64, 4.87, 5.11, 5.36, 5.62, 5.90, 6.19, 6.49, 6.81, 7.15, 7.50, 7.87, 8.25, 8.66, 9.09, 9.53
E96 values: (1% tolerance); 1.00, 1.02, 1.05, 1.07, 1.10, 1.13, 1.15, 1.18, 1.21, 1.24, 1.27, 1.30, 1.33, 1.37, 1.40, 1.43, 1.47, 1.50, 1.54, 1.58, 1.62, 1.65, 1.69, 1.74, 1.78, 1.82, 1.87, 1.91, 1.96, 2.00, 2.05, 2.10, 2.15, 2.21, 2.26, 2.32, 2.37, 2.43, 2.49, 2.55, 2.61, 2.67, 2.74, 2.80, 2.87, 2.94, 3.01, 3.09, 3.16, 3.24, 3.32, 3.40, 3.48, 3.57, 3.65, 3.74, 3.83, 3.92, 4.02, 4.12, 4.22, 4.32, 4.42, 4.53, 4.64, 4.75, 4.87, 4.99, 5.11, 5.23, 5.36, 5.49, 5.62, 5.76, 5.90, 6.04, 6.19, 6.34, 6.49, 6.65, 6.81, 6.98, 7.15, 7.32, 7.50, 7.68, 7.87, 8.06, 8.25, 8.45, 8.66, 8.87, 9.09, 9.31, 9.53, 9.76
E192 values: (0.5% and lower tolerance); 1.00, 1.01, 1.02, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.17, 1.18, 1.20, 1.21, 1.23, 1.24, 1.26, 1.27, 1.29, 1.30, 1.32, 1.33, 1.35, 1.37, 1.38, 1.40, 1.42, 1.43, 1.45, 1.47, 1.49, 1.50, 1.52, 1.54, 1.56, 1.58, 1.60, 1.62, 1.64, 1.65, 1.67, 1.69, 1.72, 1.74, 1.76, 1.78, 1.80, 1.82, 1.84, 1.87, 1.89, 1.91, 1.93, 1.96, 1.98, 2.00, 2.03, 2.05, 2.08, 2.10, 2.13, 2.15, 2.18, 2.21, 2.23, 2.26, 2.29, 2.32, 2.34, 2.37, 2.40, 2.43, 2.46, 2.49, 2.52, 2.55, 2.58, 2.61, 2.64, 2.67, 2.71, 2.74, 2.77, 2.80, 2.84, 2.87, 2.91, 2.94, 2.98, 3.01, 3.05, 3.09, 3.12, 3.16, 3.20, 3.24, 3.28, 3.32, 3.36, 3.40, 3.44, 3.48, 3.52, 3.57, 3.61, 3.65, 3.70, 3.74, 3.79, 3.83, 3.88, 3.92, 3.97, 4.02, 4.07, 4.12, 4.17, 4.22, 4.27, 4.32, 4.37, 4.42, 4.48, 4.53, 4.59, 4.64, 4.70, 4.75, 4.81, 4.87, 4.93, 4.99, 5.05, 5.11, 5.17, 5.23, 5.30, 5.36, 5.42, 5.49, 5.56, 5.62, 5.69, 5.76, 5.83, 5.90, 5.97, 6.04, 6.12, 6.19, 6.26, 6.34, 6.42, 6.49, 6.57, 6.65, 6.73, 6.81, 6.90, 6.98, 7.06, 7.15, 7.23, 7.32, 7.41, 7.50, 7.59, 7.68, 7.77, 7.87, 7.96, 8.06, 8.16, 8.25, 8.35, 8.45, 8.56, 8.66, 8.76, 8.87, 8.98, 9.09, 9.20, 9.31, 9.42, 9.53, 9.65, 9.76, 9.88

Table

E-series values, 1.0–2.13
E3	E6	E12	E24	E48	E96	E192
1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.00	1.00	1.00
						1.01
					1.02	1.02
						1.04
				1.05	1.05	1.05
						1.06
					1.07	1.07
						1.09
			1.1	1.10	1.10	1.10
						1.11
					1.13	1.13
						1.14
				1.15	1.15	1.15
						1.17
					1.18	1.18
						1.20
		1.2	1.2	1.21	1.21	1.21
						1.23
					1.24	1.24
						1.26
				1.27	1.27	1.27
						1.29
					1.30	1.30
						1.32
			1.3	1.33	1.33	1.33
						1.35
					1.37	1.37
						1.38
				1.40	1.40	1.40
						1.42
					1.43	1.43
						1.45
	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.47	1.47	1.47
						1.49
					1.50	1.50
						1.52
				1.54	1.54	1.54
						1.56
					1.58	1.58
						1.60
			1.6	1.62	1.62	1.62
						1.64
					1.65	1.65
						1.67
				1.69	1.69	1.69
						1.72
					1.74	1.74
						1.76
		1.8	1.8	1.78	1.78	1.78
						1.80
					1.82	1.82
						1.84
				1.87	1.87	1.87
						1.89
					1.91	1.91
						1.93
			2.0	1.96	1.96	1.96
						1.98
					2.00	2.00
						2.03
				2.05	2.05	2.05
						2.08
					2.10	2.10
						2.13

E-series values, 2.15–4.59
E3	E6	E12	E24	E48	E96	E192
2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.15	2.15	2.15
						2.18
					2.21	2.21
						2.23
				2.26	2.26	2.26
						2.29
					2.32	2.32
						2.34
			2.4	2.37	2.37	2.37
						2.40
					2.43	2.43
						2.46
				2.49	2.49	2.49
						2.52
					2.55	2.55
						2.58
		2.7	2.7	2.61	2.61	2.61
						2.64
					2.67	2.67
						2.71
				2.74	2.74	2.74
						2.77
					2.80	2.80
						2.84
			3.0	2.87	2.87	2.87
						2.91
					2.94	2.94
						2.98
				3.01	3.01	3.01
						3.05
					3.09	3.09
						3.12
	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.16	3.16	3.16
						3.20
					3.24	3.24
						3.28
				3.32	3.32	3.32
						3.36
					3.40	3.40
						3.44
			3.6	3.48	3.48	3.48
						3.52
					3.57	3.57
						3.61
				3.65	3.65	3.65
						3.70
					3.74	3.74
						3.79
		3.9	3.9	3.83	3.83	3.83
						3.88
					3.92	3.92
						3.97
				4.02	4.02	4.02
						4.07
					4.12	4.12
						4.17
			4.3	4.22	4.22	4.22
						4.27
					4.32	4.32
						4.37
				4.42	4.42	4.42
						4.48
					4.53	4.53
						4.59

E-series values, 4.64–9.88
E3	E6	E12	E24	E48	E96	E192
4.7	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.64	4.64	4.64
						4.70
					4.75	4.75
						4.81
				4.87	4.87	4.87
						4.93
					4.99	4.99
						5.05
			5.1	5.11	5.11	5.11
						5.17
					5.23	5.23
						5.30
				5.36	5.36	5.36
						5.42
					5.49	5.49
						5.56
		5.6	5.6	5.62	5.62	5.62
						5.69
					5.76	5.76
						5.83
				5.90	5.90	5.90
						5.97
					6.04	6.04
						6.12
			6.2	6.19	6.19	6.19
						6.26
					6.34	6.34
						6.42
				6.49	6.49	6.49
						6.57
					6.65	6.65
						6.73
	6.8	6.8	6.8	6.81	6.81	6.81
						6.90
					6.98	6.98
						7.06
				7.15	7.15	7.15
						7.23
					7.32	7.32
						7.41
			7.5	7.50	7.50	7.50
						7.59
					7.68	7.68
						7.77
				7.87	7.87	7.87
						7.96
					8.06	8.06
						8.16
		8.2	8.2	8.25	8.25	8.25
						8.35
					8.45	8.45
						8.56
				8.66	8.66	8.66
						8.76
					8.87	8.87
						8.98
			9.1	9.09	9.09	9.09
						9.20
					9.31	9.31
						9.42
				9.53	9.53	9.53
						9.65
					9.76	9.76
						9.88

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Some part vendors also list an "E1 series" (with only the value "1").^[1]^[17] However, this does not appear to have been standardized in any version of the IEC standard.

References

^ ^a ^b Chip Resistors – Product catalog (PDF). Passive System Alliance (PSA) / Walsin Technology Corp. August 2018. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-04. Retrieved 2019-03-23. […] E1 series resistance: 1 Ω, 10 Ω, 100 Ω, 1000 Ω, 10000 Ω, 100000 Ω […]
^ Catalog – Capacitors (Condensers). Allied Radio. 1930. p. 139. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ "Catalog – Capacitors (Condensers)". RadioShack. 1940. p. 54. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ Catalog – Resistors. Allied Radio. 1930. p. 141. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ "Catalog – Resistors". RadioShack. 1940. p. 60. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ ^a ^b Buttner, Harold H.; Kohlhaas, H. T., eds. (1943). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (PDF) (1 ed.). Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation (FTR). pp. 37–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2021-09-08. (NB. This 1943 publication already shows a list of new "preferred values of resistance" following what was adopted by the IEC for standardization since 1948 and later standardized in IEC 63:1952. For comparison, it also lists "old standard resistance values" as follows: 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 750, 1 k, 1.2 k, 1.5 k, 2 k, 2.5 k, 3 k, 3.5 k, 4 k, 5 k, 7.5 k, 10 k, 12 k, 15 k, 20 k, 25 k, 30 k, 40 k, 50 k, 60 k, 75 k, 100 k, 120 k, 150 k, 200 k, 250 k, 300 k, 400 k, 500 k, 600 k, 750 k, 1 Meg, 1.5 Meg, 2.0 Meg, 3.0 Meg, 4.0 Meg, 5.0 Meg, 6.0 Meg, 7.0 Meg, 8.0 Meg, 9.0 Meg, 10.00 Meg.)
^ ^a ^b Buttner, Harold H.; Kohlhaas, H. T.; Mann, F. J., eds. (1946). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (PDF) (2 ed.). Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation (FTR). pp. 53–54. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
^ Catalog – Passives (PDF). Jameco Electronics. 2017. pp. 29–41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ Blackburn, John F. (1949). Components Handbook. MIT Radiation Laboratory Series. Vol. 17. McGraw-Hill. p. 38.
^ Van Dyck, Arthur F. (March 1951) [February 1951]. "Preferred Numbers". Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers. 39 (2). Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE): 115. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1951.230759. ISSN 0096-8390. […] For example, some years ago, the Radio-Television Manufacturers Association found it desirable to standardize the values of resistors. The ASA Preferred Numbers Standard was considered, but judged not to suit the manufacturing conditions and the buying practices of the resistor field at the moment, whereas a special series of numbers suited better. The special series was adopted and, since it was an official RTMA list, it has been used by later RTMA committees for other applications than resistors, although adopted originally because of seeming advantages for resistors. Ironically, the original advantages have largely disappeared through changes in resistor manufacturing conditions. But the irregular standard remains... […]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d IEC 60063:1963 – Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors – Amended in accordance with Amendments 1 (1967) and 2 (1977) (2.0 ed.). International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2007 [1977, 1967, 1963-01-01]. ISBN 978-2-8318-0027-1. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2017-07-11. […] During the discussions of IEC Technical Committee 12: Radio-communication, at the meeting in Stockholm in 1948, it was […] agreed that one of the most urgent items for international standardization was the series of preferred values for resistors and for capacitors up to 0,1 μF. It would have been desirable to standardize for these series the ${\sqrt[{10}]{10}}\!\,$ -system, but […] in several countries the ${\sqrt[{12}]{10}}\!\,$ -system had been adopted […] because of standardization of tolerances at 5, 10 and 20%. As it was not practicable to change the commercial practice in these countries, the ${\sqrt[{12}]{10}}\!\,$ -system was adopted. The Committee expressed regret that […] it was necessary to recommend the ${\sqrt[{12}]{10}}\!\,$ -system, although it would have been more consistent with ISO practice to use the ${\sqrt[{10}]{10}}\!\,$ -system. The proposal for the series E6, E12 and E24 of preferred values was accepted in Paris in 1950 and subsequently published […] In 1957, the British National Committee came forward with a proposal for E48 and E96 series […] as an extension […] discussed in Zürich in 1957 and Stockholm in 1958 […] at The Hague in September 1959 […] in Ulm at […] October 1959 […] for approval under the Six Months' Rule in March 1960 […] it was decided […] in Nice in 1962 that these series should be published […] [1]
^ ^a ^b ^c IEC 60063:1952 – Series of preferred values and their associated tolerances for resistors and capacitors (1.0 ed.). International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2007 [1952-01-01]. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ ^a ^b IEC 60063:2015 – Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors (3.0 ed.). International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2015-03-27. ISBN 978-2-8322-2427-4. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11. [2]
^ "Standard Values Used in Capacitors, Inductors, and Resistors". Bourns. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ "D/CRCW e3 – Standard Thick Film Chip Resistors – Datasheet" (PDF). Vishay Intertechnology. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ "TNPW e3 – High Stability Thin Film Flat Chip Resistors – Datasheet" (PDF). Vishay Intertechnology. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ "eseries.h". KiCad. 2020. Archived from the original on 2024-04-30. Retrieved 2024-04-30. […] E1 is not in the IEC standard. […] (NB. KiCad's Calculator Tool supports the E1 series since 2020.)

External links

Calculate the closest component value to any E-series with an Excel User Defined Function.
Calculate standard resistor values in Excel – EDN magazine

Printable E series tables

E6 to E96 Table – Servenger
E3 to E192 Table – Vishay

[NB_E1-14] Some part vendors also list an "E1 series" (with only the value "1").^[1]^[17] However, this does not appear to have been standardized in any version of the IEC standard.

[Walsin_2018_E1-1] Chip Resistors – Product catalog (PDF). Passive System Alliance (PSA) / Walsin Technology Corp. August 2018. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-04. Retrieved 2019-03-23. […] E1 series resistance: 1 Ω, 10 Ω, 100 Ω, 1000 Ω, 10000 Ω, 100000 Ω […]

[AlliedRadio_1930_1-2] Catalog – Capacitors (Condensers). Allied Radio. 1930. p. 139. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.

[RadioShack_1940_1-3] "Catalog – Capacitors (Condensers)". RadioShack. 1940. p. 54. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.

[AlliedRadio_1930_2-4] Catalog – Resistors. Allied Radio. 1930. p. 141. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.

[RadioShack_1940_2-5] "Catalog – Resistors". RadioShack. 1940. p. 60. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.

[FTRC_1943-6] Buttner, Harold H.; Kohlhaas, H. T., eds. (1943). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (PDF) (1 ed.). Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation (FTR). pp. 37–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2021-09-08. (NB. This 1943 publication already shows a list of new "preferred values of resistance" following what was adopted by the IEC for standardization since 1948 and later standardized in IEC 63:1952. For comparison, it also lists "old standard resistance values" as follows: 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 750, 1 k, 1.2 k, 1.5 k, 2 k, 2.5 k, 3 k, 3.5 k, 4 k, 5 k, 7.5 k, 10 k, 12 k, 15 k, 20 k, 25 k, 30 k, 40 k, 50 k, 60 k, 75 k, 100 k, 120 k, 150 k, 200 k, 250 k, 300 k, 400 k, 500 k, 600 k, 750 k, 1 Meg, 1.5 Meg, 2.0 Meg, 3.0 Meg, 4.0 Meg, 5.0 Meg, 6.0 Meg, 7.0 Meg, 8.0 Meg, 9.0 Meg, 10.00 Meg.)

[FTRC_1946-7] Buttner, Harold H.; Kohlhaas, H. T.; Mann, F. J., eds. (1946). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (PDF) (2 ed.). Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation (FTR). pp. 53–54. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2020-01-03.

[Jameco_2017-8] Catalog – Passives (PDF). Jameco Electronics. 2017. pp. 29–41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.

[Blackburn_1949-9] Blackburn, John F. (1949). Components Handbook. MIT Radiation Laboratory Series. Vol. 17. McGraw-Hill. p. 38.

[Dyck_1951-10] Van Dyck, Arthur F. (March 1951) [February 1951]. "Preferred Numbers". Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers. 39 (2). Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE): 115. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1951.230759. ISSN 0096-8390. […] For example, some years ago, the Radio-Television Manufacturers Association found it desirable to standardize the values of resistors. The ASA Preferred Numbers Standard was considered, but judged not to suit the manufacturing conditions and the buying practices of the resistor field at the moment, whereas a special series of numbers suited better. The special series was adopted and, since it was an official RTMA list, it has been used by later RTMA committees for other applications than resistors, although adopted originally because of seeming advantages for resistors. Ironically, the original advantages have largely disappeared through changes in resistor manufacturing conditions. But the irregular standard remains... […]

[IEC_60063_1963-11] IEC 60063:1963 – Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors – Amended in accordance with Amendments 1 (1967) and 2 (1977) (2.0 ed.). International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2007 [1977, 1967, 1963-01-01]. ISBN 978-2-8318-0027-1. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2017-07-11. […] During the discussions of IEC Technical Committee 12: Radio-communication, at the meeting in Stockholm in 1948, it was […] agreed that one of the most urgent items for international standardization was the series of preferred values for resistors and for capacitors up to 0,1 μF. It would have been desirable to standardize for these series the ${\sqrt[{10}]{10}}\!\,$ -system, but […] in several countries the ${\sqrt[{12}]{10}}\!\,$ -system had been adopted […] because of standardization of tolerances at 5, 10 and 20%. As it was not practicable to change the commercial practice in these countries, the ${\sqrt[{12}]{10}}\!\,$ -system was adopted. The Committee expressed regret that […] it was necessary to recommend the ${\sqrt[{12}]{10}}\!\,$ -system, although it would have been more consistent with ISO practice to use the ${\sqrt[{10}]{10}}\!\,$ -system. The proposal for the series E6, E12 and E24 of preferred values was accepted in Paris in 1950 and subsequently published […] In 1957, the British National Committee came forward with a proposal for E48 and E96 series […] as an extension […] discussed in Zürich in 1957 and Stockholm in 1958 […] at The Hague in September 1959 […] in Ulm at […] October 1959 […] for approval under the Six Months' Rule in March 1960 […] it was decided […] in Nice in 1962 that these series should be published […] [1]

[IEC_60063_1952-12] IEC 60063:1952 – Series of preferred values and their associated tolerances for resistors and capacitors (1.0 ed.). International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2007 [1952-01-01]. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2017-07-11.

[IEC_60063_2015-13] IEC 60063:2015 – Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors (3.0 ed.). International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2015-03-27. ISBN 978-2-8322-2427-4. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11. [2]

[Bourns_2017-15] "Standard Values Used in Capacitors, Inductors, and Resistors". Bourns. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.

[Vishay_2017_Thick-16] "D/CRCW e3 – Standard Thick Film Chip Resistors – Datasheet" (PDF). Vishay Intertechnology. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.

[Vishay_2017_Thin-17] "TNPW e3 – High Stability Thin Film Flat Chip Resistors – Datasheet" (PDF). Vishay Intertechnology. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-11.

[KiCad_2020-18] "eseries.h". KiCad. 2020. Archived from the original on 2024-04-30. Retrieved 2024-04-30. […] E1 is not in the IEC standard. […] (NB. KiCad's Calculator Tool supports the E1 series since 2020.)

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IEC standards
IEC	60027 60034 60038 60062 60063 60068 60112 60228 60269 60297 60309 60320 60364 60446 60559 60601 60870 60870-5 60870-6 60906-1 60908 60929 60958 60980-344 61030 61131 61131-3 61131-9 61158 61162 61334 61355 61360 61400 61499 61508 61511 61784 61850 61851 61883 61960 61968 61970 62014-4 62026 62056 62061 62196 62262 62264 62304 62325 62351 62365 62366 62379 62386 62455 62680 62682 62700 63110 63119 63382
ISO/IEC	646 1989 2022 4909 5218 6429 6523 7810 7811 7812 7813 7816 7942 8613 8632 8652 8859 9126 9293 9496 9529 9592 9593 9899 9945 9995 10021 10116 10165 10179 10279 10646 10967 11172 11179 11404 11544 11801 12207 13250 13346 13522-5 13568 13816 13818 14443 14496 14651 14882 15288 15291 15408 15444 15445 15504 15511 15693 15897 15938 16262 16485 17024 17025 18004 18014 18181 19752 19757 19770 19788 20000 20802 21000 21827 22275 22537 23000 23003 23008 23270 23360 24707 24727 24744 24752 26300 27000 27000-series 27002 27040 29110 29119 33001 38500 39075 42010 80000 81346
Related	International Electrotechnical Commission

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