Donduk Kuular
Donduk Kuular | |
|---|---|
Куулар Дондук | |
 | |
| Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Tuvan People's Republic | |
| In office 1925–1929 | |
| Preceded by | Soyan Oruygu |
| Succeeded by | Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1888 Qing Empire |
| Died | March 23, 1932 (aged 43–44) |
| Nationality | Tuvan |
| Political party | Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party |
Donduk Kuular (Tuvan: Куулар Дондук, [kuːˈlɑr dɔnˈduk]; 1888–1932) was a Tuvan monk, politician, and prime minister of the Tuvan People's Republic.
Life
Born in Tannu Uriankhai during the rule of the Qing dynasty of China, Donduk was originally a Lamaist monk.[1] As leader of a group of Russian-supported Bolsheviks, he proclaimed the independence of the People's Republic of Tannu Tuva from the Russian Empire in 1921. He subsequently switched his allegiance to the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party.
Aware of his young nation's vulnerability, Donduk sought to establish ties with the Mongolian People's Republic. His monastic background and theocratic inclinations gave him a close relationship with the country's lamas, whose interests he sought to advance in spite of Joseph Stalin's growing irritation. In 1926 he established Buddhism as the state religion of Tannu Tuva, which in November was renamed the Tuvan People's Republic.[2]
Stalin found Donduk's separatist and theocratic tendencies obnoxious, and counter to communist principles of internationalism and atheism. In 1929 he was removed from power and arrested. Meanwhile, five Tuvan graduates of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East were appointed commissars extraordinary to Tuva. Their loyalty to Stalin ensured that they would pursue policies, such as collectivization, that Donduk had ignored. A coup was launched in 1929. One of these commissars, Salchak Toka, replaced Donduk as General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party. On 22 March 1932, Donduk was sentenced the highest penalty – death through execution by a firing squad – alongside 3 other figures named "exploiters" including Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy,[3] and the following day they were executed.[4]
References
- ^ Jonathan D. Smele: Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926, 2015, Lanham (Maryland) 2015, p. 1197.
- ^ Frank Stocker: Als Vampire die Mark eroberten: Eine faszinierende Reise durch die rätselhafte Welt der Banknoten in 80 kurzen Geschichten, (online) 2015, p. 69.
- ^ Dorzhu, Zoia; Irgit, Ottuk (July 2017). "Political Repressions in the Tuva People's Republic: Was It Possible to Avoid Them?" (PDF). Journal of Siberian Federal University. 7.
- ^ Indjin Bayart: An Russland, das kein Russland ist, Hamburg 2014, p. 114.