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Denga

Four pre-reform dengi of the Novgorod Republic (novgorodki), 1420–1478.
A copper denga minted during the reign of Tsar Peter I in 1704.

A denga (Russian: деньга,[a] pl. деньги, dengi) was a Russian monetary unit with a value latterly equal to 1⁄2 kopeck (100 kopecks = 1 Russian ruble). The denga was introduced in the second half of the 14th century during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy.

Etymology

The Russian word denga is borrowed from Tatar (cf. Chagatay: täŋkä; Kazakh: teŋgä; Mongolian: teŋge; lit. 'small silver coin'). Other proposals made are: Middle Persian: dāng, New Persian: dānag ('coin'), whereas other authors saw the word close to the Turkic word tamga ('mark, stamp').[1]

The plural form of denga, dengi (деньги) has become the usual Russian word for "money".

History

Pre-reform kopecks, dengi, and polushki minted during the reign of Tsar Ivan III in the 15th century.

Production of dengi as minted coins began in the middle of the 14th century, during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy.[2] In their earliest form, they were imitations of the silver coinage of the khans of the Golden Horde, usually bearing blundered or meaningless legends. Weighing about a gram, they were prepared by cutting silver wire into measured lengths, beating each length flat, and then striking the resulting blank between two dies. This resulted in slightly elongated coins, often showing traces of the original wire from which they had been taken. From Dmitry Donskoy's time onward, the coins began to take a more Russian form, with depictions of people, animals and Russian legends, although legends partly in Arabic (the official language of the Horde) persisted on some coins until the time of Ivan III.

Dengi were made only in the Russian princedoms; the state of Novgorod and the city of Pskov made their own slightly larger coins. In the Pskov Judicial Charter, the general court fee (podsudnichye) is set to 10 dengi.[3] 220 dengi were equivalent to one ruble and 30 grivny in Pskov.[3]

In 1535, a reform took place, with the northern "novgorodka" being valued at twice the southern denga or "moskovka". In the 1540s novgorodkas depicting a horseman with a spear (Russian kop'yo [копьё]) began to be made, and novgorodkas were thenceforth known as kopecks.[citation needed] The minting of silver dengi seems to have decreased after the 16th century, as they are found less often in hoards, but they are known until the reign of Peter the Great. By that time the coinage had devalued so far that dengi weighed only about 0.14 grams, and were of little practical use. In the coinage reform of 1700 they reappeared as much larger copper coins, and mintage continued, off and on, until 1916, just before the Romanov dynasty was overthrown in 1917.

Coins minted in the 18th century invariably showed the denomination as denga, but during parts of the 19th century this was replaced by the word denezhka, the diminutive form of denga. Later still the denomination was shown simply as 1⁄2 kopeck.

Post-reform silver denga mintage

Silver dengi were not minted during the last years of Feodor I's rule, nor during the Time of Troubles, though silver wire kopecks were minted throughout this period, including emissions by imposters and invaders.[4]

Copper denga mintage

During the time of Peter the Great, dengi transitioned from silver to copper, and from undated to Byzantine dates in Cyrillic to Julian dates in Cyrillic. After Peter's reign, dates were denoted using the common notation of Arabic numerals.

Notes

  1. ^ In earlier texts spelled "денга".

References

  1. ^ George Starostin (1998–2005). "Этимологический словарь Фасмера: "деньга"".
  2. ^ Johnston, Ruth A. (15 August 2011). All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-313-36463-1.
  3. ^ a b Feldbrugge 2017, p. 712.
  4. ^ Huletski, Dzmitry (2011). Russian Wire Coins, 1533–1645. Рифтур. pp. 10–45. ISBN 9789856919414. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012.

Sources

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denga