Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Citadel LLC

This article is about the hedge fund. For the market maker, see Citadel Securities. For the military college, see The Citadel. For other uses, see Citadel (disambiguation) and The Citadel (disambiguation).

Citadel LLC
Company typePrivate
IndustryFinancial services
Predecessor
  • Wellington Financial (1990–1994)
  • Citadel Investment Group (1994–2013)
Founded1990; 34 years ago (1990) in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
FounderKenneth Griffin
HeadquartersSoutheast Financial Center, Miami, Florida, U.S.
Key people
  • Kenneth Griffin (CEO & Co-CIO)
  • Pablo Salame (Co-CIO)
  • Gerald A. Beeson (COO)
  • Ben Bernanke (Senior Advisor)
ProductsAlternative investments
AUMUS$63 billion (June 18, 2024)
OwnerKenneth Griffin (85%)[1]
Number of employees
2,932 (2023)[2]
Websitecitadel.com

Citadel LLC (formerly known as Citadel Investment Group, LLC) is an American multinational hedge fund and financial services company. Founded in 1990 by Ken Griffin, it has more than $63 billion in assets under management as of June 2024. The company has over 2,800 employees,[3] with corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida,[4][2]: 1  and offices throughout North America, Asia, and Europe. Founder, CEO and Co-CIO Griffin owns approximately 85% of the firm.[5] As of December 2022, Citadel is one of the most profitable hedge funds in the world, posting $74 billion in net gains since its inception in 1990, making it the most successful hedge fund in history, according to CNBC.[6][7]

Citadel LLC is a separate entity from the market maker Citadel Securities, although both were founded and are owned by Griffin.[8]

History

Founding, 1990–2000

Kenneth Griffin started his trading career out of his dorm room at Harvard University in 1987, trading convertible bonds.[9] As a sophomore, he hooked a satellite dish to the roof of his dormitory.[10] After graduating with a degree in economics, Griffin joined Chicago-based hedge fund Glenwood Partners. Citadel was started with $4.6 million in capital.[11] Citadel was originally named Wellington Financial Group after its flagship fund. The company name was changed to Citadel in 1994. Within eight years, the firm had more than $2 billion in assets under management.[12]

In 1998, Citadel started requiring investors to accept terms that "significantly restrict[ed] their ability to withdraw their capital", according to Institutional Investor.[12] When hedge fund Long Term Capital Management collapsed later that year, Citadel's capital lockdown made it "a rare buyer, as desperate hedge funds unloaded bond inventory".[12]

2001–2010

In 2001, Griffin began recruiting the energy traders from Enron the day after it collapsed for a new business including "a team of traders, meteorologists and researchers" building amongst the industries biggest energy trading groups at the time.[11]

In 2006, Citadel and JP Morgan Chase took over the energy portfolio and division of failed hedge fund Amaranth Advisors, which had suffered a 65% ($6 billion) loss in assets. In November 2006 Citadel issued $2 billion of investment-grade bonds to borrow money at a lower rate than it would otherwise be able to.

2007 Citadel invested $2.5 billion in E-Trade. This transaction included acquiring E-Trade's securitized subprime mortgages, collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), and second lien loans, as well as 12.5% senior unsecured notes, and 84,687,686 shares of common stock (equal to 19.99% of the then currently outstanding shares). Citadel received a seat on the board of directors.[13][14] Citadel sold its remaining stake in E*Trade in 2013.[15]

During the financial crisis of 2007–2008, for 10 months, Griffin barred his investors from withdrawing money, attracting criticism.[16][17] At the peak of the crisis, the firm was losing "hundreds of millions of dollars each week".[18] It was leveraged 7:1 and the biggest funds at Citadel finished 2008 down 55%. However, they rebounded with a 62% return in 2009.[19]

2011–2020

On January 17, 2012, Citadel's flagship funds, Citadel Kensington Global Strategies Fund Ltd and Citadel Wellington LLC, crossed their respective high watermarks, earning back the 50% of assets lost during the 2008 financial crisis.[20] Having made up the losses, Citadel could once again charge client fees for managing their money and take a percentage of profits.[20] Citadel under Griffin's leadership was reported as differentiating from hedge funds rivals post-2008 financial crisis with an "aggressive expansion".[21] Starting at the beginning of 2014, over an 18 months period the hedge fund's assets under management increased $10 billion; from $16 billion to $26 billion as a result of "a 29% rise for its main hedge funds and a flow of new cash".[21] In January 2020, Citadel Securities paid a $97 million settlement to China, after Chinese regulators ended a long-standing investigation into Citadel and other companies.[22]

In 2014, Citadel became the first foreign hedge fund to complete a yuan fundraising as part of a program to allow Chinese investors to invest in overseas hedge funds.[23]

In July 2020, during the coronavirus pandemic, Citadel created a "bubble" for a class of 100 interns by renting out a luxury resort in Wisconsin.[24][25][26]

2021–present

In January 2021, Citadel and Point72 Asset Management invested $2.75 billion in Melvin Capital, after Melvin Capital lost 53% of its value owing to the GameStop short squeeze.[27][28][29][30]

In 2021, Citadel ranked second among the top money managers for net gains.[31]

In a letter to employees on June 23, 2022, Griffin announced they would be moving their headquarters to Miami, Florida, due to a more favorable business climate and increased crime complaints in Chicago.[32][33][34]

In December 2022, Citadel signed a deal with Vornado Realty Trust and Rudin Management Co. to master lease a new $1.2 billion, 1,500 feet (460 m) office tower to be constructed on Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan to serve as Citadel's new New York City headquarters.[35]

In 2022, Citadel's hedge fund unit posted its record year of revenues to date, generating about $28 billion in revenue.[36] Citadel returned $16 billion to its clients in 2022, which was a record annual return for both the fund of American investor Kenneth Griffin and the entire industry. In addition, this allowed Citadel to overtake Bridgewater in the list of the most profitable hedge funds in history according to experts from LCH Investments.[37]

In 2023, Citadel returned about $7 billion in profits to its clients, which amounted to about a 15% return for its flagship fund.[38]

As of June 2024, Citadel managed more than $63 billion in capital and was one of the world's largest asset managers.[39][40] Citadel ranks as the eleventh largest hedge fund manager in the world,[41] and in 2023 the second largest multi-strategy hedge fund globally.[42] Citadel's group of hedge funds rank among the largest and most successful hedge funds in the world.[43]

Activities

Investment strategies

Citadel manages funds across five different investment strategies including equities, commodities, fixed income, quantitative strategies, and credit.[44]

Reinsurance

Citadel wanted to allocate the investment capital with its two funds, Kensington Global Strategies Fund Ltd and Citadel Wellington LLC, to investments that the company thought to be uncorrelated to their other investment strategies.[45] To achieve this move, Citadel, through capitalization via their funds, entered the reinsurer industry, which provides insurance companies with their own policies to spread the risk of losses that they have given to their customers, in 2004 by founding CIG Reinsurance Ltd (CIG Re), a Bermuda-based catastrophe reinsurer providing $450 million in capital.[46] Citadel additionally founded $500 million reinsurer New Castle Re in 2005, seeking to capitalize on rising prices for reinsurance in the wake of Hurricane Katrina's damage to property coverage costs.[47][48][45] In 2006, Citadel's two funds had approximately 10 percent of its assets invested in reinsurance.[49]

Citadel wound down CIG Re in November 2008 because the company could not achieve a financial strength rating, and as a result could not compete in comparison to other companies in the industry.[45] Meanwhile, New Castle Re remained open and received an 'A−' rating from AM Best in November 2008.[45] However, a month later on December 17, 2008, AM Best announced that New Castle Re's rating was under review when Citadel's funds experienced increased redemption requests as a result of the financial crisis.[50] Two days later on December 19, it was reported that Citadel would not be renewing the rights in New Castle Re contracts, but that Torus Insurance Holdings in Bermuda would do so.[51] In January 2009, Citadel placed New Castle Re into run-off.[52]

Risk management

The firm's risk management philosophy is focused on three main areas: risk capital allocation, stress exposure and liquidity management.[53] Citadel's risk management center has 36 monitors displaying more than 50,000 instruments being traded within the firm's portfolios.[53] The firm runs 500 stress tests each day to simulate the impact of potential economic and geopolitical crises or other market dislocation.[53] Citadel aggregates investment positions on trading screens to calculate "more than 500 doomsday scenarios" to assess the potential of risk for the firm.[21]

In 2014, Citadel rated an A grade for risk management in the annual Institutional Investor Hedge Fund Report Card.[54]

In April 2015, Ben S. Bernanke, who was the United States Federal Reserve chairman for eight years, joined Citadel as a senior adviser on global economic and financial issues.[55] In January 2017, Joanna Welsh became the Chief Risk Officer.

Subsidiaries and funds

Funds

  • Wellington Fund – Citadel's flagship fund.[56]
  • Citadel Global Equities[56]
  • Tactical Trading[57]
  • Fixed Income and Macro[58]

Former companies

Citadel Solutions – Citadel's fund-administration arm.[59]

Citadel Technology, established in 2009, was a wholly owned and independently operated affiliate of Citadel.[60][61] It offered investment management technology, developed internally at Citadel, to a wide range of firms and funds.[62] In 2013, Citadel Technology announced a partnership with REDI. The partnership combines Citadel's order management system (OMS) with REDI's execution management capabilities (EMS).[60]

Aptigon Capital was formed in 2016 after Citadel LLC hired 17 portfolio managers from its rival Visium Asset Management which was in the process of closing down.[63][64] It was originally led by Richard Schimel until he left Citadel in 2018; being replaced by Eric Felder.[65] Felder led the unit until its closure in 2019 after Felder's departure from the company.[64]

Corporate affairs

Citadel ownership

In November 2006, Citadel became the second hedge fund to publicly issue bonds to investors in the form of senior unsecured debt totaling $2 billion, in an arrangement managed by Lehman Brothers and Goldman Sachs.[66]

Employees

In 2007, the fund was known for having one of the largest turnover rates in Chicago, gaining the nickname "Chicago's revolving door."[67] The New York Times reported in 2010 that "the firm is unique in its reputation for being a revolving door", meaning that it had a high turnover rate.[11][68] It is also reported that turnover is aligned with the hedge fund industry.[67]

In March 2015, Citadel received a Top 10 Great Workplaces in Financial Services ranking by the Great Places to Work Institute, based on a survey by Citadel employees.[69]

Market advocacy

Citadel has played an active role in regulatory affairs and has advocated for financial legislation on market structure. In 1999, Congress repealed a provision in the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 that strictly separated banking and trading activities by financial firms. Griffin called dismantling that law "one of the biggest fiascos of all time".[70] In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, Griffin and Citadel called for greater transparency in derivatives trading, a stance at odds with many other hedge funds and major financial firms. The company spoke out against Wall Street for lobbying to delay the implementation of the Dodd–Frank Act.[70][71] Griffin has also called for breaking up "too big to fail" banks and separating their banking and trading activities.[71]

Following the 2014 publication of Flash Boys by Michael Lewis, who claimed financial markets are "rigged by large, high-speed traders" (also known as "high-frequency traders") Griffin, who was not interviewed by Lewis, shared his views on the book and its allegations during his second congressional hearing.[72] Griffin said in front of the Senate Banking Committee that from his perspective "the U.S. equity markets are the fairest, most transparent, resilient and competitive markets in the world."[72] Griffin expanded by saying that high-frequency trading functions to reconcile discrepancies between options tied to groups of stocks and the stocks themselves, saying, "Somebody has to keep the New York markets in line with the markets in Chicago. It all happens at an extremely low cost in the context of our capital markets".[72] During an event at Georgetown University Griffin called the book "fiction".[73]

Speaking fees paid

In 2014, former president Bill Clinton was paid $250,000 by Citadel to speak at New York restaurant Daniel to investors and employees in celebration of the Citadel founder's 46th birthday.[21]

In 2015, Citadel paid pop-star Katy Perry $500,000 to perform at an event celebrating the 25th anniversary of the firm.[74][75][76]

Citadel paid over $800,000 in speaking fees to current secretary of the treasury Janet Yellen during 2018–2020 while she was not in office.[77]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Ken Griffin Bloomberg". Bloomberg News. 2019. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Tomkiw, Lydia (April 15, 2024). "Millennium, Point72 among hedge funds boosting staff size". Pensions & Investments.
  3. ^ "Multistrategy hedge funds: Who are they? How do you get a job there?". eFinancialCareers. April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  4. ^ "About Citadel". Citadel. Retrieved August 23, 2022. Miami Global Headquarters Southeast Financial Center 200 S. Biscayne Blvd. Miami, FL 33131
  5. ^ "Bloomberg Billionaires Index". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020.
  6. ^ Tucker, Hank. "Citadel's $16 Billion Gain In 2022 Makes Ken Griffin's Flagship The Top-Earning Hedge Fund Ever". Forbes. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  7. ^ Gilchrist, Karen (January 23, 2024). "World's largest hedge funds record bumper year of profits, research shows". CNBC. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  8. ^ Phillips, Matt; Kelly, Kate (February 18, 2021). "A Shadowy but Powerful Wall St. Firm Has Its Moment in Washington". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  9. ^ Strasburg, Jenny; Zuckerman, Gregory (November 7, 2008). "Hedge Fund Selling Puts New Stress on Market". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017.
  10. ^ Meyer, Graham (June 8, 2011). "The File on Citadel's Ken Griffin". Politics & City Life. Chicago Magazine. ISSN 0362-4595. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
  11. ^ a b c Ahmed, Azam; Craig, Susanne (August 11, 2011). "Citadel Chief Gives Up Dream for Investment Bank". DealBook. The New York Times. United States. ISSN 1553-8095. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  12. ^ a b c Lux, Hal (August 31, 2001). "Boy Wonder". The Institutional Investor. Cfo Directory. United States. ISSN 0020-3580. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  13. ^ "E*TRADE Financial Announces $2.5 Billion Investment Led by Citadel" (Press release). E*Trade Financial. November 29, 2007 – via U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
  14. ^ Yerak, Becky (November 30, 2007). "Citadel boosts E-Trade stake with $2.5 billion investment". Chicago Tribune.
  15. ^ "Citadel to sell its remaining stake in E*Trade". Reuters. March 13, 2013.
  16. ^ Copeland, Rob (August 3, 2015). "Citadel's Ken Griffin Leaves 2008 Tumble Far Behind". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019.
  17. ^ Boak, Joshua (December 13, 2008). "Citadel suspends fund redemptions". Chicago Tribune.
  18. ^ "Citadel chief rails against megabanks". Financial Times. September 10, 2013.
  19. ^ Meyer, Graham (June 8, 2011). "The File on Citadel's Ken Griffin". Chicago. ISSN 0362-4595. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019.
  20. ^ a b Ahmed, Azam (January 20, 2012). "Citadel Clears Its High Water Mark". DealBook. The New York Times. United States. ISSN 1553-8095. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015.
  21. ^ a b c d Copeland, Rob (August 3, 2015). "Citadel's Ken Griffin Leaves 2008 Tumble Far Behind". Markets. The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition. United States. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  22. ^ "Citadel Securities Pays $97m to Settle with China Regulators". January 20, 2020. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  23. ^ Bill Alpert (February 28, 2015). "Exclusive: Who Makes Money on Your Stock Trades". Barron's. Archived from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  24. ^ Saacks, Bradley. "How $34 billion hedge fund Citadel rented out a five-star resort for a month to pull off an in-person summer internship 'bubble' for more than 100 college students". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  25. ^ Shazar, Jon (August 31, 2020). "Ken's Kwarantine Kamp Opens Kohler Location For Eager Interns". Dealbreaker. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  26. ^ Echikson, Julia; Mazzei, Patricia (April 7, 2020). "No Trading Floor? No Problem. A Financial Firm Quarantines at the Four Seasons". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  27. ^ Chung, Juliet (January 25, 2021). "The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive | Citadel, Point72 to Invest $2.75 Billion Into Melvin Capital Management". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  28. ^ McCabe, Caitlin (January 14, 2021). "GameStop Stock Soars, and Social-Media Traders Claim Victory". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  29. ^ Chung, Juliet (January 22, 2021). "The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive | Short Bets Pummel Hot Hedge Fund Melvin Capital". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  30. ^ "Ken Griffin's $2 billion bet". Crain's Chicago Business. January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  31. ^ Kumar, Nishant (January 17, 2022). "These Are the World's Top Hedge Funds for 2021". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022.
  32. ^ McCormick, John; Chung, Juliet (June 23, 2022). "Ken Griffin Moving Citadel From Chicago to Miami Following Crime Complaints". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  33. ^ "Ken Griffin's Citadel ditches Chicago for Miami following crime complaints". Financial Times. Retrieved November 9, 2022. Hedge fund is latest US company to depart Illinois in less than two months
  34. ^ Shruti Singh (June 23, 2022). "Ken Griffin's Citadel Move Is 'Punch in the Gut' for Chicago". Bloomberg. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  35. ^ Jack Rogers (December 13, 2022). "Vornado Reaches Deal to Build $1.2B Park Avenue Tower". ALM Global. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  36. ^ "Citadel posts record revenues for hedge fund, securities ops in 2022". Reuters. January 5, 2023.
  37. ^ Kirill Sarkhanyants (January 23, 2023). "Citadel becomes the most profitable hedge fund in history".
  38. ^ Rudegeair, Peter. "WSJ News Exclusive | Citadel Is Handing Back About $7 Billion in Profits to Clients". WSJ. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  39. ^ Saacks, Alex Morrell, Bradley. "In a rare stumble, Citadel loses money in May as peers gain. Here's how hedge funds performed last month". Business Insider. Retrieved June 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ Kolhatkar, Sheelah (April 16, 2007). "Opening Up the Citadel". Upstart Business Journal. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  41. ^ Rose-Smith, Imogen (2006 2006). "Land of the Giants" (PDF). Alpha magazine. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-03-20 [dead link‍].
  42. ^ "Hedge Funds Cap a Bumper Year for Profits". Bloomberg.com. January 22, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  43. ^ Allen, Susie; Huang, Wen (July 15, 2014). "Two new members elected to University of Chicago Board of Trustees". U Chicago News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  44. ^ Michael J. De La Merced (January 10, 2013). "Citadel Posted 25% Return Last Year, Beating Industry Again". DealBook. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  45. ^ a b c d Zuill, Lilla; Orr, Bernard (November 7, 2008). "Hedge fund Citadel shuttering Bermuda reinsurer". Business News. New York, N.Y., United States. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  46. ^ Anand, Shefali (July 27, 2005). "Looking Afield, Hedge Funds Launch Reinsurance Firms". Markets. The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition. United States. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  47. ^ Barr, Alistair (November 4, 2005). "Citadel forms new reinsurer – New Castle Re targets catastrophe reinsurance, AM Best says". San Francisco, United States: MarketWatch. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  48. ^ Andersonaug, Jenny (August 18, 2006). "Hedge Funds Place Big Bets on Hurricane Season". Business Day – Insider. The New York Times. p. C7. ISSN 1553-8095. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  49. ^ Pittman, Mark (December 8, 2006). "Citadel sells bonds". Bloomberg. The Royal Gazette. New York, N.Y., United States. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  50. ^ Kent, Jonathan (December 17, 2008). "Citadel's hedge fund woes threaten New Castle Re's rating". Business. The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  51. ^ "Torus takes New Castle Re renewal rights". Business. The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. December 19, 2008. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  52. ^ "Chris McKeown, the founder of Bermuda reinsurers CIG Reinsurance Ltd. and New Castle Reinsurance Co., has been named chief executive officer of global analytical and specialty practices". Business. The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. July 15, 2009. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  53. ^ a b c Amanda Cantrell (December 10, 2015). "Are You Prepared for the Next Crash?". Institutional Investor's Alpha. Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  54. ^ Hurst, Georgina (June 27, 2014). "A Winning Night for Hedge Fund Managers and Investors". Corner Office. The Institutional Investor. Cfo Directory. ISSN 0020-3580. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  55. ^ Sorkin, AndrewRoss; Stevenson, Alexandra (April 16, 2015). "Ben Bernanke Will Work With Citadel, a Hedge Fund, as an Adviser". DealBook. The New York Times. p. B1. ISSN 1553-8095. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  56. ^ a b Picker, Leslie; Fitzgerald, Maggie (May 7, 2019). "The main fund at Ken Griffin's Citadel is up 10% so far this year". CNBC. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  57. ^ Herbst-Bayliss, Svea (April 4, 2023). "Citadel portfolios gain in March despite banking crisis". Reuters. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  58. ^ "Citadel Hires Several Traders in Paris, London and New York". Bloomberg. February 21, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
  59. ^ Strasburg, Jenny (March 6, 2009). "Lower Fees on Citadel's New Fund". The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition. United States. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  60. ^ a b Schmerken, Ivy (September 25, 2013). "REDI and Citadel Technology Tackle the "Holy Grail"". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  61. ^ "Citadel Carves Out Technology Niche". Markets Media. April 20, 2013. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  62. ^ "Citadel technology preps end to end solutions suite". Waters Technology. March 19, 2013. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  63. ^ Copeland, Rob (July 20, 2016). "Citadel Hiring About 17 Portfolio Managers From Shuttered Hedge Fund Visium". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  64. ^ a b Herbst-Bayliss, Svea (March 7, 2019). "Citadel to close Aptigon stock unit, Felder leaves: sources". Reuters. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  65. ^ Picker, Leslie (February 22, 2018). "Citadel let go of one of its star investors because of performance". CNBC. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  66. ^ "Citadel Planning $2 Billion Debt Offering". DealBook. The New York Times. United States. November 26, 2006. ISSN 1553-8095. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  67. ^ a b Vickers, Marcia (April 3, 2007). "A hedge fund superstar – Citadel founder Ken Griffin is already one of the world's most powerful investors". Fortune. United States. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  68. ^ Ahmed, Azam (December 27, 2010). "Citadel Founder Offers Thanks and Apologies on Anniversary". DealBook. The New York Times. United States. ISSN 1553-8095. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  69. ^ Kapos, Shia (March 6, 2015). "Why Ken Griffin hated one of his first jobs". Crains Chicago Business. ISSN 1557-7902. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
  70. ^ a b "Risk 25 firms of the future: Citadel" (PDF). United States: Risk.net. Infopro Digital Risk (IP) Limited. August 1, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
  71. ^ a b Michael Mackenzie; Tom Braithwaite (September 10, 2013). "Derivatives trading safer and more efficient, says Citadel". Financial Times. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
  72. ^ a b c Merrion, Paul (July 8, 2014). "Ban high-speed trading? 'Absolutely not,' says Citadel's Griffin". Government. Crains Chicago Business. ISSN 1557-7902. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  73. ^ "Leaders of Global Finance Speakers Series presents Kenneth Griffin". YouTube. September 12, 2017. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019.
  74. ^ "Citadel party features Katy Perry, 'Left Shark'". Pensions & Investments. November 16, 2015. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  75. ^ Byrne, Brendan (November 10, 2015). "Ken Griffin Has Katy Perry At Citadel Birthday Party". ValueWalk. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  76. ^ "Katy Perry and Andrea Bocelli; Hedge funds party despite losses". CNBC. December 17, 2015. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  77. ^ "Janet Yellen made millions in Wall Street, corporate speeches". POLITICO. January 1, 2021. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_Investment_Group