Chebotaryov (masculine) or Chebotaryova (feminine) is a Russian surname. It is also spelled "Chebotarov", "Chebotarev", "Tschebotaröw", "Чеботарёв" (Russian), "Чоботарьов" (Ukrainian). Notable people with the surname include:

• Konstantin Chebotaryov (1892–1974), Soviet painter
• Nikolai Chebotaryov (1894–1947), Russian and Soviet mathematician
• Gleb Aleksandrovich Chebotaryov (1913–1975), who was a professor and the director of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy as well as president of IAU's Commission 20
• Nikolai Chebotarev, man whom author Michael Gray claims might have been Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia. For more information, see Romanov impostors.
• Valentina Chebotaryova, Red Cross nurse during World War I
• Vladimir Chebotaryov, Soviet and Russian film director
• Gregory P. Tschebotarioff, Russian-born American civil engineer and son of Valentina Chebotaryova