Charles or Charlie Thompson may refer to:

• Charles Thompson (jazz) (1918–2016), American jazz musician also known as "Sir Charles"
• Charles Hubbard Thompson (1891–1964), American ragtime musician
• Charles P. Thompson (1891–1979), American actor
• Charles S. Thompson (set decorator) (1908–1994), Hollywood art designer
• Charles Thurston Thompson (1816–1868), British photographer
• Black Francis (Charles Thompson IV, born 1965), American musician, frontman of the alternative rock band Pixies

• Charles Thompson (Cherokee chief) (died 1891), (Cherokee name Oochalata), Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
• Charles Collins Thompson (1898–1983), Texas judge, attorney, banker and rancher
• Charles E. Thompson (1889–1986), member of the Mississippi Senate
• Charles Edwin Thompson (1890–1966), Canadian politician
• Charles H. Thompson (Florida politician) (1843 - ?), Baptist minister and state legislator for Columbia County 1873-1875, also a county commissioner
• Charles H. Thompson (Wisconsin official) (1935–2012), Secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Transportation 1987–1991
• Charles H. Thompson (Illinois judge) (1882–1972), Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court in 1945, 1946, 1949, and 1950
• Charles J. Thompson (1862–1932), US Representative from Ohio
• Charles Perkins Thompson (1827–1894), US Representative from Massachusetts
• Tommy Thompson (Royal Navy officer) (Charles Ralfe Thompson, 1894–1966), British naval officer and Prime Ministerial aide-de-camp
• Charles Winston Thompson (1860–1904), US Representative from Alabama
• Charles W. Thompson (Kansas politician) (1867–1950), Lieutenant Governor of Kansas
• Mike Thompson (California politician) (Charles Michael Thompson, born 1951), US representative from California

• Charles Thompson (American football) (born 1968), former quarterback of the Oklahoma Sooners
• Charles Thompson (athlete) (1921–?), Guyanaese Olympic sprinter
• Charles Thompson (rugby union) (1874–?), British rugby union player
• Charles Meysey-Thompson (1849–1881), footballer who played for Wanderers
• Charlie Thompson (footballer, born 1909) (1909–1979), English footballer
• Charlie Thompson (footballer, born 1920) (1920–1997), English footballer
• Charlie Thompson (rugby union) (c. 1896–c. 1965), rugby union player who represented Australia
• Charlie Thompson (American football) (1894–1949), college football player and high school football coach
• Chuck Thompson (1921–2005), American sportscaster

• Charles Thompson (engraver) (1791–1843), English wood-engraver in France
• Sir Charles Thompson, 1st Baronet (c. 1740–1799), British admiral
• Charles A. Thompson (1843–1900), American Union Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
• Charles B. Thompson (1814–1895), leader of a Latter Day Saint schismatic group in Missouri and Iowa
• Charles C. Thompson (born 1961), bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States
• Charles C. Thompson II, American writer, author of A Glimpse of Hell
• Charles F. Thompson (1882–1954), United States Army general
• Charles Henry Thompson (1896–1980), first African American to obtain a doctoral degree in educational psychology
• Charles L. Thompson (1868–1959), American architect
• Charles J. S. Thompson (1862–1943), British physician and writer
• Charles S. Thompson (ornithologist) (1881–1960), American ornithologist
• Charles Stewart Thompson (1851–1900), medical missionary in India
• Charles Victor Thompson (born 1970), American murderer
• Charlie Thompson (reporter), American journalist

• Charles Thomson (disambiguation)