In the theory of algebraic groups, a Cartan subgroup of a connected linear algebraic group over a (not necessarily algebraically closed) field is the centralizer of a maximal torus. Cartan subgroups are smooth (equivalently reduced), connected and nilpotent. If is algebraically closed, they are all conjugate to each other. ^[1]

Notice that in the context of algebraic groups a torus is an algebraic group such that the base extension (where is the algebraic closure of ) is isomorphic to the product of a finite number of copies of the . Maximal such subgroups have in the theory of algebraic groups a role that is similar to that of maximal tori in the theory of Lie groups.

If is reductive (in particular, if it is semi-simple), then a torus is maximal if and only if it is its own centraliser ^[2] and thus Cartan subgroups of are precisely the maximal tori.

The general linear groups are reductive. The diagonal subgroup is clearly a torus (indeed a split torus, since it is product of n copies of already before any base extension), and it can be shown to be maximal. Since is reductive, the diagonal subgroup is a Cartan subgroup.

• Borel subgroup
• Algebraic group
• Algebraic torus

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