Busy work (also known as make-work and busywork) is an activity that is undertaken to pass time and stay busy but in and of itself has little or no actual value. Busy work occurs in business, military and other settings, in situations where people may be required to be present but may lack the opportunities, skills or need to do something more productive. People may engage in busy work to maintain an appearance of activity, in order to avoid criticism of being inactive or idle.

In business and work settings, people may engage in busy work to maintain an appearance of activity to protect their employment status (to avoid termination or sanctions).^[1]

Workers believe that it is more important to maintain a constant appearance of working urgently so that they and others believe that what is being done is important. Constant urgency in workers can lead to disproportionate distribution of actual work, as workers may put off important work by attempting to complete previously designated less important tasks. Maintaining very high levels of constant busyness may actually be detrimental to the operations of a business or organization in which new tasks are not undertaken in a timely manner because workers are always very busy.^[1] That can also lead to workers taking shortcuts to accomplish tasks more quickly, which can negatively affect the quality of work results.^[1]

Busy work also can be counterproductive in work settings because it may not be aligned with the overall objectives and priorities of an organization's plans for attaining and maintaining success in its ventures.^[2] The assumption that activity in the workplace is more important than productivity in the workplace can lead to employees thinking that quantity of work is better than quality of work, which is not productive to the overall functioning of a business.

• Bullshit Jobs: A Theory, a 2018 book by anthropologist David Graeber
• Parkinson's law
• Boondoggle
• Handwaving
• Make-work job
• Pastime
• Presenteeism
• Underemployment

• (1909) Education by doing: occupations and busy work for primary classes – Anna Johnson – Google Books
• (2010) Do More Great Work: Stop the Busywork, and Start the Work That Matters - Michael Bungay Stanier - Google Books
• USATODAY.com - Be sure 'busy work' isn't keeping you from growing your business
• (2012) Why Busy Work Doesn't Work - John Kotter

• The dictionary definition of busy work at Wiktionary