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Bradfield Scheme

Bradfield Scheme
Map of the water transfers of the scheme, first published 1 October 1938.
PurposeIrrigate agricultural land in western Queensland, Australia
Proposed1938
Abandoned1947
Proponents
OpponentsW. H. R. Nimmo

The Bradfield Scheme, a proposed Australian water diversion scheme, is an inland irrigation project that was designed to irrigate and drought-proof much of the western Queensland interior, as well as large areas of South Australia. It was devised by Dr John Bradfield (1867–1943), a Queensland born civil engineer, who also designed the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Brisbane's Story Bridge.[1]

The scheme that Bradfield proposed in 1938 required large pipes, tunnels, pumps and dams. It involved diverting water from the upper reaches of the Tully, Herbert and Burdekin rivers.[2] These Queensland rivers are fed by the monsoon, and flow east to the Coral Sea. It was proposed that the water would enter the Thomson River on the western side of the Great Dividing Range and eventually flow south west to Lake Eyre.[3] An alternative plan was to divert water into the Flinders River.

G. W. Leeper of the school of agricultural science at the University of Melbourne considered the plan to be lacking in scientific justification.[1]

In 1981, a Queensland NPA subcommittee proposed a variation of the scheme.[4]

Possible benefits

Bradfield Scheme irrigation area

The water was expected to provide irrigation for more than 3,000 square miles (7,800 km2) of agricultural land in Queensland.[5] The scheme would reduce the massive natural erosion problems in areas of Central Queensland.[citation needed] The scheme had the ability to generate 370 megawatts (500,000 hp) of power and the potential to double that amount.[5]

It is claimed that extra water and vegetation in the interior may then produce changes to the climate of Australia, however various studies have concluded that this is unlikely.[6] This may increase the rainfall in areas of southern Queensland and northern New South Wales. Extra rainfall may drought-proof Eastern Queensland, and thereby improve river inflows to the Murray-Darling River system. It is claimed that a full Lake Eyre would moderate the air temperature in the region by the absorption of sunlight by the water instead of heat radiation from dry land into the air. No evidence to support the theory that an inland sea would increase rainfall has ever been produced,[2] nor have any of the other claims been supported.[2]

It would provide large areas suitable for the production of algae fuel, a type of biofuel.[citation needed] The catchment area of the Herbert River holds a population of approximately 18,000, 75% of whom dwell in the lower flood plain area. Diverting some water from this river would reduce the risk of flood.[citation needed]

Objections

Bradfield's scheme and others have been criticised because they are not practical.[2] This scheme has been criticised because of the high capital and ongoing running costs which would make the project uneconomical.[7] Former Minister for Agriculture and Drought David Littleproud opposed the scheme saying it was outdated and discredited.[8]

Elevation measurements were taken with a barometer, leading to inaccuracies in land heights and mistakes in the proposal.[5] In most cases no flow record of the rivers were available to Bradfield. He used an empirical formula which assumed 33% of the water flow would be lost to evaporation and seepage. The estimated water available for the scheme was 114 cubic metres per second (4,000 cu ft/s).[5]

The extreme evaporation rate in the interior is another negative determinant. No clear evidence has been provided that the amount of water supplied will exceed the evaporation rate. The reduction in river discharge to the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon may diminish coastal fisheries by reducing the supply of terrestrial organic matter to the coastal and estuarine environment.

In 1947, W.H.R. Nimmo conducted a critical review of the scheme.[5] He proved that Bradfield's estimates of the amount of water available from the easterly flowing rivers were about two and half times greater than it actually was. The error was attributed to the methodology used to calculate flow estimates which was based on German rivers where the average temperature was much less than in northern Australia.[5]

A 2022 CSIRO investigation found the scheme to be completely unviable due to a lack of reliable water.[9]

Support

The Bradfield Scheme has not received broad political support from any of the major Australian parties in recent times, but it has been pushed by individual politicians such as Bob Katter, who advocated the plan whilst he was a member of the Nationals for the state seat of Flinders during the 1980s, and continues to support it as an independent, representing the federal seat of Kennedy.[citation needed] In February 2007, the then Queensland Premier Peter Beattie urged the Federal Government to look at a modern version, saying it is better to find more water than to cut back on current supplies. However, Beattie preferred desalination.[10]

In May 2019, former Nationals leader Barnaby Joyce and Pauline Hanson's One Nation party also support the scheme.[11][12]

In November 2019, the Liberal National Party of Queensland, through the opposition leader Deb Frecklington, provided support of the project as a long term investment.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Spearritt, Peter (1979). "John Job Crew Bradfield (1867–1943)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 7. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d Pigram, John J. (2007). Australia's Water Resources: From use to management. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-643-09442-0.
  3. ^ "Augmenting Queensland's Inland Water Resources by J.J.C. Bradfield". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane: National Library of Australia. 1 October 1938. p. 6. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  4. ^ The Revised Bradfield Scheme, November 1981
  5. ^ a b c d e f Ghassemi, Fereidoun; White, Ian (2007). Inter-basin water transfer: case studies from Australia, United States, Canada, China, and India. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–129. ISBN 978-0-521-86969-0. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  6. ^ Hope, P; N Nicholls; JL McGregor (2004). "The rainfall response to permanent inland water in Australia" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  7. ^ Horn, Allyson (1 November 2019). "The New Bradfield scheme proposes moving floodwaters from north to south, but its feasibility is in question". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  8. ^ Hasham, Nicole (1 August 2019). "Water Resources Minister rebukes MPs pushing 'discredited' 1930s technology". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  9. ^ Toomey, Jade (9 December 2022). "Queensland government abandons Bradfield Scheme after review finds it completely unviable". ABC News. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  10. ^ "'Water war' fears over resurrected Bradfield scheme". ABC News. Australia. 19 February 2007. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018.
  11. ^ "Barnaby Joyce said building the Bradfield Scheme to redirect water is the one thing Australia can do to reduce the effects of drought. Is he correct?". ABC News. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  12. ^ "The Bradfield Scheme is supposed to alleviate drought. So why has it been rejected so many times?". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  13. ^ "The New Bradfield Scheme". Deb Frecklington. 4 November 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradfield_Scheme