Battle Formation
| Battle Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian ~[1] | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Edmonton Group |
| Sub-units | Kneehills Tuff |
| Underlies | Scollard Formation |
| Overlies | Whitemud Formation, Wapiti Formation |
| Thickness | 14 metres (46 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Mudstone, clay |
| Other | Siltstone, sandstone |
| Location | |
| Region | Alberta |
| Country | Canada |
| Type section | |
| Named by | G.M. Furnival, 1955[2] |
The Battle Formation is a geologic formation of Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.[3] It is present throughout much of the central Alberta plains, where it is an important stratigraphic marker in the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous sequence.[4] It was formally named by G.M. Furnival in 1942[2] and given formation status by E.J.W. Irish in 1970.[5][6]
Stratigraphy
The Battle Formation forms part of the Edmonton Group. A marker bed called the Kneehills Tuff is present in the upper part of the formation.[6]
Lithology
The Battle Formation is easily recognized in outcrop and in geophysical well logs.[4] It consists of distinctive mauve-grey to purplish brown mudstones with minor siltstone and rare sandstone. The mudstones contain a large component of volcanic ash that has been altered to bentonitic and montmorillonitic clay, and they form a porous, popcorn-like crust upon weathering. The Kneehills Tuff bed consists of brown-grey, hard siliceous rock.[4][6]
Thickness and Distribution
The Battle Formation is reaches thicknesses of up to about 14 m (46 ft), but in some areas it was partially or completely removed by erosion prior to or during the deposition of the overlying Scollard Formation.[4][6] The Kneehills Tuff occurs as one bed about 15 cm (5.9 in) to 25 cm (9.8 in) thick, or as two or three beds each about 5 cm (2.0 in) to 8 cm (3.1 in) thick in the upper part of the Battle.[6]
Relationship to Other Units
The Battle Formation unconformably overlies the Whitemud Formation. It is overlain by the Scollard Formation and the contact is erosional in some areas where basal Scollard paleochannels have cut into or eroded through the Battle. In other areas the contact may be conformable.[4] In the southern Alberta plains it is overlain, apparently conformably, by the Willow Creek Formation, and in Saskatchewan it is overlain by the Frenchman Formation.[6]
The Battle Formation is equivalent to part of the St. Mary River Formation in the southern Alberta plains and is correlative with part of the Brazeau Formation in the foothills of the Alberta Rockies. It is correlated with the part of the Fox Hills Formation in Montana and North Dakota.[6]
Paleontology
The Battle Formation is thought to have been deposited in sediment-starved lacustrine and marsh environments.[4] It is poorly fossiliferous, but arthropods including insects and arachnids preserved in amber,[7] spores, bone fragments, algal remains and carbonized wood have been reported.[6]
References
- ^ Eberth, David A.; Kamo, Sandra L. (October 2019). "First high-precision U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS age for the Battle Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Red Deer River valley, Alberta, Canada: implications for ages, correlations, and dinosaur biostratigraphy of the Scollard, Frenchman, and Hell Creek formations". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56 (10): 1041–1051. Bibcode:2019CaJES..56.1041E. doi:10.1139/cjes-2018-0098. ISSN 0008-4077.
- ^ a b Furnival, G.M. 1942. Cypress Lake, Saskatchewan. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 42-5
- ^ "The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 24: Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". Compiled by Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. 1994. Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c d e f Hathway, B. 2011. Late Maastrichtians paleovalley systems in west-central Alberta: Mapping the Battle Formation in the subsurface. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 59, no. 3, p. 195-206.
- ^ Irish, E.J.W. 1970. The Edmonton Group of south-central Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 18, p. 125-155.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 1423 p. on CD-ROM. ISBN 0-920230-23-7.
- ^ Loewen, Elyssa J.T.; Balkwill, Micheala A.; Mattioli, Júlia; Cockx, Pierre; Caicedo, Maria Velez; Muehlenbachs, Karlis; Tappert, Ralf; Borkent, Art; Libke, Caelan; Engel, Michael S.; Somers, Christopher; McKellar, Ryan C. (April 2024). "New Canadian amber deposit fills gap in fossil record near end-Cretaceous mass extinction". Current Biology. 34 (8): 1762–1771.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.001.