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Awan (ancient city)

Awan
𒀀𒉿𒀭𒆠
Awan (ancient city) is located in Near East
Awan (ancient city)
Shown within Near East
Awan (ancient city) is located in Iran
Awan (ancient city)
Awan (ancient city) (Iran)
LocationUncertain; somewhere in the Lorestan province of the Islamic Republic of Iran
RegionWestern Iran
Coordinates33°29′13.6″N 48°21′13.7″E / 33.487111°N 48.353806°E / 33.487111; 48.353806
TypeCity
History
Foundedc. 2600 BC
Abandonedc. 2015 BC
PeriodsEarly Dynastic I, II, and III, Akkadian, Ur III, Old Elamite I
CulturesElam
Associated withElamites
Site notes
ConditionLost city

Awan (Sumerian cuneiform: 𒀀𒉿𒀭𒆠 a-wa-anki, "Country of Awan") was an ancient city-state or region of Elam in the western area of modern-day Iran. It often appears together with the cities of Susa and Anshan in the early history of Mesopotamia, having many conflictual interactions with Sumer.[1]

Location

The city of Awan still has not been located archaeologically. Given the 15th year name of Ibbi-Sin, the fifth and last ruler of the Ur III empire "The year Ibbi-Sîn, king of Ur, roared like a storm against Susa, Adamdun, (and) the land of Awan; made them submit in a single day; and took their lord(s) as bound captive(s)" Awan is thought to be close to Susa and Adamdun (thought to be Andimeshk).[2]

An inscription of Rimush (c. 2279–2270 BC) second ruler of the Akkadian Empire states that he fought a battle "between Awan and Susa" near the "Qablitum River" (Qablitum=Middle).[3]

"<Rimus, king of the world, in battle> was victorious over Abalgamas, king of Parahsum. Zahar, Elam, [G]upin, and [Me]luhha assembled in Pa[rah]sum for battle, but he, (Rimus) captured S[idga'u], general of [Parahsum] (and) [the king(?) of] Elam i[nbetwe]en (the cities of) [Aw]an and [Susa], by the '[Mid]dle Ri[ver]'. [Further], he [h]eaped up over [them] a [burial mo]und i[n] the [are]a of the city. In addition, he tore out the [fo]undation of Parahsum from the land of Elam and (thereby) Rimus, king of the world, rule[d] Elam .... "[4]

Awan
Possible location of Awan. The approximate Bronze Age extension of the Persian Gulf is shown.
The territory of Awan and related polities in the Mesopotamia area circa 2000 BC.

History

Dynastic list of twelve kings of the Awan dynasty and twelve kings of the Shimashki Dynasty, 1800–1600 BC, Louvre Museum

A dynasty of Elamite rulers was named after the city, the Awan Dynasty. It was founded by a ruler named Peli, and is therefore sometimes called "the dynasty of Peli".[1] According to the Sumerian King List, Awan put an end to the First Dynasty of Ur circa 2450 BC, and three kings of Awan then ruled over the southern regions of Sumer. Unfortunately, the names of the three rulers are broken off in the text. The primary source of this information is a much later king list, recorded on an Old Babylonian period tablet. The tablet has two lists, twelve rulers of Awan and twelve of Šimaški.[5][6][7] Doubts have been raised about the list, especially the Awan section.[8][9] Only two of the rulers on the Awan list are known with certainty from contemporary records Luh-ishan and Puzur-Inshushinak, and a third Khita has been suggested but is not at all certain.[10]

Alliance Naram-Sin Awan Louvre Sb8833

On a monument recording one of his military campaigns, Sargon of Akkad (c. 2334–2279 BC), first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, lists captives and loot acquired including "booty of Awan".[4] An unknown king of Awan (sometimes speculated to be Khita) is recorded as having signed a peace treaty, in Old Elamite language written in an Old Akkadian ductus, with Naram-Sin (not deified in the text), stating: "The enemy of Naram-Sin is my enemy, the friend of Naram-Sin is my friend".[11][12][13] Old Elamite is poorly understood (all other texts being very short) as yet making interpretation of the text challenging. The text mentions about twenty gods, mostly Elamite but with a few Sumerian and Akkadian, including Inshushinak, Humban, Nahiti, Simut, and Pinikir. It has been suggested that the formal treaty allowed Naram-Sin to have peace on his eastern borders, so that he could deal more effectively with the threat from Gutium.[14][15]

Awan wrestled independence from the Akkadians during the reign of Shar-Kali-Sharri. But some time later, the Awan Dynasty ended with the defeat of its last king, Puzur-Inshushinak by Ur-Nammu (c. 2112–2094 BC), followed by the control of the Third Dynasty of Ur over the region.[1][10]

The last mention of Awan was during the reign of Ibbi-Sin (c. 2028–2004 BC), final ruler of the Ur III Empire, and then only as a geographical area.[16]

List of rulers

Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (Middle Chronology) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Early Dynastic IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC)
Awanite dynasty of Sumer (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC)

"Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."

— Sumerian King List (SKL)
Unknown fl. c. 2600 BC
...Lu fl. c. 2580 BC
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Same person as Tata (?)
  • Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Awan; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer
Kur-Ishshak
𒆪𒌌 		fl. c. 2550 BC
(36 years)
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Same person as Ukku-Tanhish (?)
  • Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Awan; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer

"3 kings; they ruled for 356 years. Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."

— SKL
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (MC) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Early Dynastic IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BC)
Dynasty of Peli (c. 2500 – c. 2015 BC)
Peli or Feyli reigned c. 2500 BC
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
  • Founder of the, "Dynasty of Peli"
Tata
𒋫𒀀𒅈 		r. c. 2450 BC
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
  • Same person as ...Lu (?)
Ukku-Tanhish r. c. 2400 BC
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
  • Same person as Kur-Ishshak (?)
Hishutash fl. c. 2400 – c. 2350 BC
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
Shushun-Tarana
𒋗𒋗𒌦𒋫𒊏𒈾
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
Napi-Ilhush
𒈾𒉿𒅍𒄷𒄷
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
Kikku-Siwe-Temti
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (MC) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BC)
Luh-ishan
𒇻𒄴𒄭𒅖𒊮𒀭 		d. c. 2325 BC
  • Son of Ḫišibrasini
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
  • temp. of Sargon
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (MC) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BC)
Sanam-Shimut fl. c. 2325 BC
  • temp. of Sargon
Hishep-Ratep I fl. c. 2320 BC
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Same person as Ḫišibrasini (?)
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
Zinuba fl. c. 2315 BC
  • temp. of Sargon
Helu fl. c. 2300 BC
  • Historicity uncertain
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
Emahsini fl. c. 2280 BC
  • temp. of Rimush
  • Historicity certain
  • Held the title of, "King of Elam"
Epirmupi
𒂊𒉆𒈬𒉈 		fl. c. 2279 BC
Enammuna Uncertain
  • temp. of Rimush (?)
Autalummash fl. c. 2270 BC
  • temp. of Manishtushu (?)
  • Historicity certain
  • Held the title of, "King of Kings of Elam"
Eshpum
𒀹𒅗 		fl. c. 2269 BC
  • temp. of Manishtushu
  • Held the title of, "Governor of Elam"
Lamgium Uncertain
  • temp. of Manishtushu
Uba Uncertain
  • temp. of Manishtushu
Ur-Ili-Adad[18] Uncertain
  • temp. of Manishtushu
Khita
𒄭𒋫𒀀 		fl. c. 2250 BC
  • temp. of Naram-Suen
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
Ili-ishmani
𒉌𒉌𒅖𒈠𒉌[18] 		fl. c. 2200 BC
  • temp. of Shar-Kali-Sharri
  • Held the titles of "Military Governor of Elam" and "Governor of Susa"
Hita'a
𒄭𒋫𒀀 		Uncertain
  • Same person as Khita (?)
  • temp. of Shar-Kali-Sharri
  • Held the title of, "King of Awan"
Shinpi-hish-huk[18] Uncertain
  • Brother of Khita (?)
  • temp. of Shar-Kali-Sharri
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (MC) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2112 BC)
Puzur-Inshushinak
𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 		r. c. 2150 BC
  • Son of Shinpi-hish-huk
  • temp. of Gudea
  • Held the titles of "Military Governor of Elam", "Governor of Susa", and, "King of Awan"

See also

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Gershevitch, I. (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2.
  2. ^ Frayne, Douglas, "Ibbi-Sin", Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 361-392, 1997
  3. ^ Laurito, Romina, and Mariapaola Pers, "Attestations of Canals in the Royal Sources from the Sumerian to the PaleoBabylonian Period", Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 25, pp. 275–325, 2002
  4. ^ a b [1] Douglas R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993 ISBN 0-8020-0593-4
  5. ^ Scheil, V., "Dynasties Élamites d’Awan et de Simaš’, Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale,28(1), pp. 1–8, 46, 1931
  6. ^ Gelb, I. J. and B. Kienast, "Die altakkadischen Königsinschriften des Dritten Jahrtausends v. Chr", (Freiburger altorientalische Studien, Bd. 7), Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1990
  7. ^ Sallaberger, W. and I. Schrakamp, "Part I: Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium", in W. Sallaberger and I. Schrakamp (eds), ARCANE (Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean)III: History and Philology, Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 1–136, 2015
  8. ^ Glassner, J.-J., "Les dynasties d’Awan et de Shimashki", Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires, 34, 1996
  9. ^ Steinkeller, "New Light on Šimaški and Its Rulers", Zeitschrift fürAssyriologie, 97, pp. 215–32, 2007
  10. ^ a b [2]Pittman, Holly, "The “Jeweler’s” Seal from Susa and Art of Awan", Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen, edited by Erica Ehrenberg, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 211-236, 2002
  11. ^ Hinz, Walther, "Elams Vertrag mit Narām-Sîn von Akkade", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 58, no. Jahresband, pp. 66-96, 1967
  12. ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
  13. ^ Scheil, V, "Textes Élamites-Anzanites", MDP XI, 1911
  14. ^ Cameron, G.G., "History of Early Iran", Chicago/London: University of Chicago, 1936
  15. ^ Westenholz, Aage, Pascal Attinger, and Markus Wäfler, "The Old Akkadian Period: History and Culture", Mesopotamien. Annäherungen 3: Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit, pp. 17-117, 1999
  16. ^ Steinkeller, "The Birth of Elam in History", in J. Álvarez-Mon, G. P. Basello and Y. Wicks (eds), The Elamite World (Routledge Worlds), London: Routledge, pp. 177–202, 2018
  17. ^ Stolper 1987.
  18. ^ a b c Legrain 1922, pp. 10–22.

Bibliography

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awan_(ancient_city)