Austroderia
| Toetoe | |
|---|---|
| |
| Austroderia toetoe | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Danthonioideae |
| Tribe: | Danthonieae |
| Genus: | Austroderia N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder |
| Type species | |
| Austroderia richardii (Endl.) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder | |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
| |
Austroderia is a genus of five species of tall grasses native to New Zealand, commonly known as toetoe (from Māori).[3] The species are A. toetoe, A. fulvida, A. splendens, A. richardii and A. turbaria. They were recently reclassified in 2011 from the genus Cortaderia,[4][5] although their distinctiveness had been recognized as early as 1853.[6]
Two closely related South American species are Cortaderia jubata and C. selloana (Pampas Grass), which have been introduced to New Zealand and are often mistaken for toetoe. These introduced species tend to take over from the native toetoe and are regarded as invasive weeds. Among the differences between Pampas, Toetoe has a drooping flower head, a cream coloured plume, and the leaves do not break when tugged firmly. Toetoe also has a white, waxy bloom on the leaf-sheath and conspicuous veins between the midrib and leaf margin.[3]
Common uses
The Māori used the toetoe leaves to make baskets, kites, mats, wall linings and roof thatching. It was also used to make containers to cook food in hot springs, due to the fibres being water-resistant.[7] The flower stalks were also useful - as frames for kites, and in tukutuku panelling. The seed heads themselves were used on fresh wounds to stop bleeding. Other medicinal uses included treatment of diarrhoea, kidney complaints, and burns. Toetoe is New Zealand's largest native grass, growing in clumps up to 3m in height.
Other names
Māori names for toetoe in its varieties include: toetoe-kākaho, toetoe-mokoro, toetoe-rākau. The flower stem is named kākaho.[3]
Toetoe is also known as 'cutty grass', especially among children, because the serrated leaf edges can cut the skin. Cutty grass is also used in New Zealand to refer to Gahnia setifola (mapere), Cyperus ustulatus (upoko tangata) and Carex geminata.
Species
The following five species comprise the genus:[1][8]
- Austroderia fulvida (North + South Islands)
- Austroderia richardii (North + South Islands; naturalised in Tasmania)
- Austroderia splendens (coastal parts of North Island)
- Austroderia toetoe (North Island)
- Austroderia turbaria (Chatham Islands)
References
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ The International Plant Names Index, search for Kampmannia
- ^ a b c Toetoe, hosted on the NZ Landcare research Maanaki Whenua website. Page accessed 20 November 2010.
- ^ Barker, Nigel P. & Linder, Hans Peter 2010. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97(3): 343–344 in English with short Latin diagnosis
- ^ "Austroderia fulvida syn. Cortaderia fulvida". The Native Plant Centre Ltd. 2007. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb von 1853. Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 34–35
- ^ Mckendry, Lisa (2020). "Māori archaeological textiles: a structural analysis of Māori raranga 'woven' basketry from the Waitakere Ranges in Auckland Museum". Records of the Auckland Museum. 55: 19–28. doi:10.32912/RAM.2020.55.2. ISSN 1174-9202. JSTOR 27008990. S2CID 229659991. Wikidata Q106827316.
- ^ Lawrie Metcalf (1998). The Cultivation of New Zealand Native Grasses. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House. pp. 51–53.