Artamonov (masculine) or Artamonova (feminine) is a Russian patronymic surname literally meaning "son of Artamon". It belongs to Artamonov noble family of Scottish origin.

Notable people with the surname include:

• Aleksey Artamonov [ru] (1916–1941), Soviet pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
• Anatoly Dmitriyevich Artamonov (born 1952), Governor of Kaluga Oblast, Russia
• Anna Artamonova
• Igor Artamonov
• Inga Artamonova (1936–1966), Soviet speed skater, the first four-time Allround World Champion in women's speed skating history
• Leonid Artamonov (1859-1932), Russian military engineer, general, writer, geographer and explorer
• Mikhail Artamonov (1898–1972), Soviet historian and archaeologist
• Natalya Artamonova-Kurova
• Nikolay Artamonov (1906–1965), Soviet rocket scientist
• Nikolay D. Artamonov [ru] (1840—1918), military geodesist, member of Russian Astronomical Society, Chief of the Corps of Military Topographers of the Russian Imperial Army
• Olga Artamonova
• Yevgeniya Artamonova (born 1975), Russian volleyball player, who was a member of the Olympic medal winning national team
• Catena Artamonov, chain of craters on the Moon located near Artamonov crater
• Valentina Artamonova (born 1960), Russian politician

• Protagonists in:
  • The Artamonov Business, a 1925 novel by Maxim Gorky
  • The Artamonov Business (film), a 1941 film based on the novel

• All pages with titles containing Artamonov
• All pages with titles containing Artamonova

• Unbegaun, B. O. (1972). Russian Surnames. Oxford University Press.