Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Argentina–Chile border

Road in the border area between Santiago and Mendoza.

The Argentina–Chile border is the longest international border of South America and the third longest in the world after the Canada–United States border and the Kazakhstan–Russia border. With a length of 5,308 kilometres (3,298 mi),[1] it separates Argentina from Chile along the Andes and on the islands of Tierra del Fuego. However, there are some border disputes, particularly around the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. It is the largest border of the two countries, beating the Argentina–Paraguay and Chile–Bolivia, Argentina's and Chile's second largest borders, respectively.

Description

This map shows the current border in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, the B Section is pending to be defined.

The northern end of the border is a tripoint it forms with those at the Argentina–Bolivia border and the Bolivia-Chile border in the arid Puna de Atacama plateau. The border extends south until reaching the sea at the same place the Strait of Magellan meets the Atlantic Ocean. Further south the border on the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego follows a meridian separating the island into two. This boundary reaches the sea at Beagle Channel a few kilometers southwest of Ushuaia.

In November 1984 the southern border area was finally established after long negotiations and mediation of John Paul II by the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina, a perpetual treaty, signed at the Vatican by representatives of both countries.

On 16 December 1998, an agreement between Argentina and Chile was signed to redefine the border line from Mount Fitz Roy and Mount Daudet and finish with the historical dispute. However both countries didn't agree in the section between Mount Fitz Roy and Mount Murallón, and the border is still pending to be defined. Only Chile shows this on the cartography, while Argentina shows its pre-1998 claim, not following the new border between Murallón and Daudet from the agreement, nor indicating the pending section.

Overlapping Argentine and Chilean Antarctic claims on Antarctica (1946–present).

The territorial claims of Argentina and Chile over Antarctica partially overlap with each other. Chile claims for itself the Chilean Antarctic Territory, which is included in the Region of Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica, while Argentina claims Argentine Antarctica, whose territory is part of the Province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands.

Both countries recognize each other's territories that do not overlap with their own as stipulated in the protocols of 1947, 1948, 1964, 1971 and 1978.[2]

Both countries have areas reachable by road only through the other country. Magallanes Region in Chile requires an around 1400 km drive through Argentina if driving from the more northern parts of Chile. Tierra del Fuego of Argentina requires 220 km drive through Chile from nearest other part of Argentina.

Dispute over the extended continental shelf

Map of the dispute.
This section is an excerpt from Dispute over the extended continental shelf in the Southern Zone Sea between Argentina and Chile § History.[]

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of April 30, 1982, which entered into force on November 16, 1994, established the regime of the continental shelf in Part VI (Articles 76 to 85), defining in Article 76, paragraph 1 what is understood as a continental shelf.

Argentina ratified the convention on January 12, 1995, and it came into force for the country on December 31, 1995.

On August 25, 1997, Chile signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and it entered into force for the country on September 24, 1997.[3]

In 2009, Argentina submitted a presentation to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, which was accepted in 2016 by the UNCLOS.[4] The map in the submission included the disputed territories with the United Kingdom, such as the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and South Sandwich Islands, a crescent-shaped area south of Argentina's territorial sea as defined in the 1984 treaty with Chile.[5] This area was also claimed by Chile as part of its presential sea,[6] and the sea surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula, which is claimed by all three aforementioned countries.[7] That same year, on May 8, Chile submitted its Preliminary Report to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf.[8][9][10]

In 2020, the Argentine Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved the outer limit of the Argentine Continental Shelf in Law 27,557.[11]

That same year, on December 21, Chile submitted to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf the partial report on the extended continental shelf in Easter Island and Salas y Gómez.[12][13]

In 2021, Chilean President Sebastián Piñera signed Supreme Decree No. 95, which outlined the continental shelf east of the 67º 16' 0 meridian as part of Chile's continental shelf (not the extended one) area projected from the Diego Ramírez Islands, also claiming the crescent area that Argentina considers part of its extension achieved under the extended continental shelf principle.[14][15][16] This was reflected in the SHOA Chart No. 8[17] and prompted a response from the Argentine Foreign Ministry against Chile's measure.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

In February 2022, Chile submitted its second partial presentation regarding the Western Continental Shelf of the Chilean Antarctic Territory.[26][27] In August of the same year, Chile made the oral presentations of both partial submissions during the 55th Session of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf at the United Nations in New York.[28][3]

In 2023, Chile, through SHOA, made available an illustrative graphic showing all the maritime areas claimed by the country, which was once again rejected by Argentina.[29][30][31][32]

In July 2023, the International Court of Justice ruled on the priority of a Continental Shelf over a Extended Continental Shelf in the case of the territorial and maritime dispute between Colombia and Nicaragua.[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos".
  2. ^ Pablo Rodríguez Márquez (2007). Chile y sus intereses en la Antártica: opciones políticas y de seguridad frente a la escasez de recursos hídricos (PDF). cademia Nacional de Estudios Políticos y Estratégicos.
  3. ^ a b "Proyecto Plataforma Continental de Chile". Government of Chile. 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  4. ^ "Argentina presents territorial claim". BBC. April 21, 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
  5. ^ "Crescent beyond point F of the 1984 Treaty of Peace and Friendship: new maritime dispute with Argentina". El Mostrador. March 23, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
  6. ^ Luis Kohler Gary (March 2001). "The Presential Sea of Chile. Its current challenge" (PDF). Revista Marina.
  7. ^ Fulvio Rossetti (August 2021). "No man's land, everyone's land. Unity and nature in the cultural figures of the Antarctic Peninsula and surrounding areas". Revista 180. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
  8. ^ "Información Preliminar Indicativa de los límites exteriores de la Plataforma Continental y una descripción del estado de preparación y de la fecha prevista de envío de la presentación a la Comisión de Límites de la Plataforma Continental" (PDF). Government of Chile. May 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  9. ^ "New limits dispute arises between Chile and Argentina". Merco Press. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  10. ^ "Argentina/Chile continental shelf dispute: "beware about arousing nationalism in electoral processes"". Merco Press. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  11. ^ "Deputies approved two laws to strengthen sovereignty over the Malvinas" (in Spanish). Página/12. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  12. ^ "Chile seeks to define the Continental Shelf of the province of Easter Island". La Prensa Austral. June 16, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  13. ^ "The extended continental shelf around Easter Island and Salas y Gómez". Revista Marina. October 27, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  14. ^ "Piñera: "What Chile is doing is exercising its right and declaring its continental shelf"" (in Spanish). T13. 29 August 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  15. ^ "Chile will ask the UN to recognize its maritime platform extension, which is already causing conflict with Argentina" (in Spanish). Infobae. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  16. ^ "Diplomatic conflict between Argentina and Chile over the Continental Shelf" (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Spain). 14 September 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  17. ^ Juan Ignacio Ipinza Mayor (3 September 2021). "Southern Patagonian Ice Field and SHOA Chart No. 8" (in Spanish). InfoGate. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  18. ^ "After decrees: Argentina accuses Chile of trying to "appropriate" the southern continental shelf" (in Spanish). T13. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  19. ^ "Argentina claims Chile over an area it does not yet own". Revista Puerto. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  20. ^ "Foreign Minister Allamand states that "it seems unnecessary to engage in further public debate" with Argentina over the continental shelf". Emol. September 2, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  21. ^ "Solá rejected the document signed by the PRO on the continental shelf: "They deny our rights," he said". Realidad Sanmartinense. August 31, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  22. ^ "Chile vs. Argentina por la plataforma continental en el Mar Austral: perspectivas". La Capital de Mar del Plata. October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
  23. ^ "Plataforma continental chilena en el mar de la zona austral, un interés esencial del Estado". CEP Chile. January 28, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
  24. ^ "Chile and Argentina agree to discuss ongoing continental shelf differences south of Cape Horn". Merco Press. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  25. ^ 7 September 2021. "Argentina sends Chile diplomatic note rejecting their "expansive vocation"". Merco Press. Retrieved 23 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ "Plataforma Continental Occidental del Territorio Chileno Antártico" (PDF). National Committee for the Continental Shelf - Chile. February 28, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  27. ^ "Chile to present the extended continental shelf west of Antarctica to the UN". Info Defensa. December 16, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  28. ^ "Chile realiza sus presentaciones orales de Plataforma Continental extendida de Isla de Pascua y Antártica a la Comisión de Límites de la Plataforma Continental en Naciones Unidas". DIFROL. August 10, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  29. ^ "SHOA makes available an illustrative graphic of Chilean maritime jurisdiction areas". Armada de Chile. August 23, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  30. ^ "Continental shelf: The stance Chile has maintained in response to Argentina's objections and the new frustration over SHOA maps". Emol. August 29, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  31. ^ "Argentine Foreign Ministry sends formal complaint to Chile over Navy map including continental shelf". Emol. August 29, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  32. ^ "Argentina protests over map with continental shelf created by Chilean Navy". Nuevo Poder. August 29, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  33. ^ "Nueva controversia en el mar de la zona austral". August 31, 2024. Retrieved October 18, 2024.

22°48′36″S 67°10′48″W / 22.81000°S 67.18000°W / -22.81000; -67.18000

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Chile_border