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Anne Lawrence

Anne Alexandra Lawrence
Born (1950-11-17) 17 November 1950 (age 74)
NationalityAmerican
Alma materWashington School of Professional Psychology, Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, University of Minnesota, University of Chicago[1]
Occupation(s)Sexologist, psychologist, anesthesiologist[1]
Known forWork on transgender women, gender transition, autogynephilia, erotic target location errors, paraphilias[2][1]
SpouseUnknown (married 1987–1995)[3]
Children2[3]
Websiteannelawrence.com

Anne Alexandra Lawrence (born November 17, 1950) is an American psychologist, sexologist, and physician who has published extensively on gender dysphoria, transgender people, and paraphilias.[4][5][2][1][6] Lawrence is a transgender woman and self-identifies as autogynephilic.[7][6] She is best known for her 2013 book on autogynephilia, Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism, which has been regarded by Ray Blanchard as the definitive text on the subject.[5][7][6] Lawrence is one of the major researchers in the area of Blanchard's etiological typology of transgender women and has been one of the most major proponents of the theory.[8][7][6] While Blanchard's typology and autogynephilia are highly controversial subjects and are not accepted by many transgender women and academics, some, such as Lawrence, identify with autogynephilia.[8][7][9] Lawrence's work also extends beyond Blanchard's typology, to transgender women and to transition more generally.[2][1][8]

Personal life

Lawrence attended the University of Chicago from 1967 to 1971, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in chemistry.[1] She subsequently attended the University of Minnesota from 1971 to 1974, where she earned a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.).[1] She completed internship, residency, and fellowship from 1974 to 1977 and was licensed as an anesthesiologist.[1] She practiced in this area from 1978 to 1997, mostly at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington.[1] Lawrence was married from 1987 to 1995 and had two children, a son and a daughter, before separating from her wife in May 1995.[3]

Lawrence is a transgender woman.[6][7][3] She uses "she" pronouns for herself.[5] Lawrence is a proponent of Ray Blanchard's etiological typology of transgender women and personally self-identifies as autogynephilic.[6][7] She has described having autogynephilic feelings and gender dysphoria from early childhood.[6][3] She began privately crossdressing at age 8, which resulted in sexual arousal, and has described herself as unremarkably masculine and not feminine as a child.[6][3] Lawrence came out to her parents as wanting to be a girl when she was age 14 in the 1960s.[6] She was sent to psychotherapy, which she found to be unhelpful.[6] Lawrence discovered Harry Benjamin's The Transsexual Phenomenon (1966) while at the University of Chicago, which was her first exposure to the concept of transgenderism.[6] However, she could not relate well to Benjamin's writings, as Benjamin's descriptions of transgender women as being highly feminine and androphilic did not match her own presentation.[6] In any case, Lawrence privately continued to crossdress and she self-administered estrogen off and on starting at age 18 and throughout her adulthood.[6][3] She also seriously considered attempting self-castration, but ultimately did not go through with this.[6] Lawrence suppressed her feelings about her gender identity for decades as she found nothing that spoke to her own experience and due to fears of the strong societal prejudice towards transgender people that existed at the time.[6][3] She felt that transitioning would cause her to be seen as "psychotic".[6]

In 1994, Lawrence discovered Ray Blanchard's work on autogynephilia and transgenderism and described this experience as an epiphany for her.[10][6][11] She has said that Blanchard's writings gave her the insight and courage to undergo transition.[6] Lawrence started transitioning in mid-1994, when she was age 44, and continued through 1996.[6][11][3][12] She saw Marsha C. Botzer at the Ingersoll Gender Center in Seattle for psychotherapy and was diagnosed in early 1995.[11][3] She was on full hormone therapy by 1995[3] and underwent vaginoplasty with Toby Meltzer in 1996.[12] Following transition, Lawrence pivoted her career from anesthesiology to transgender health.[1][13] From 1997 to 2001, Lawrence attended the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality and earned a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in sexology.[1] Then, from 2003 to 2006, she attended the Washington School of Professional Psychology and earned a Master of Arts (M.A.) in clinical psychology.[1] Starting in 1996, Lawrence published extensively in the areas of gender dysphoria, transgender people, and paraphilias, both in academic journals and on her personal website, Transsexual Women's Resources.[4][2][1][14][6][15][16] From 2000 to 2015, she maintained a private practice in transgender medicine and psychotherapy.[1][17] From 2008 until at least 2017, she was an adjunct associate professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada.[4][1]

Lawrence was involved in the controversy surrounding J. Michael Bailey's 2003 book The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism, which has been chronicled by historian and bioethicist Alice Dreger.[8][18][11] Lawrence defended Bailey and Blanchard's typology and has described feeling traumatized and alienated from the transgender community following the extreme backlash against the book.[8][6]

Lawrence retired from practice in 2015.[19] She was last published in 2018.[2][20][4] However, in late 2023, Lawrence debuted a new version of her website and stated that she is working on a new research project of long-term narratives by autogynephilic transgender women who had transitioned more than 10 years ago,[21][22] although this was removed months later.[23] Lawrence resides in Seattle, Washington with her two cats.[5]

Work

Lawrence is a proponent of Ray Blanchard's etiological typology of transgender women and self-identifies as an autogynephilic transgender woman.[7][24] Along with Ray Blanchard and J. Michael Bailey, she is one of the major researchers in the area of Blanchard's typology (also sometimes referred to as the "Blanchard–Bailey–Lawrence" typology), and of autogynephilia particularly.[7][8] Lawrence has proposed that autogynephilia is not only sexual in nature, but also encompasses elements and feelings of romantic love, much like gynephilia.[25][26] Blanchard's typology and autogynephilia are highly controversial subjects, and are rejected and viewed as offensive by many transgender women.[4][8] Critiques have been lobbied at these constructs on a variety of grounds.[27][28][29] However, some people, most famously Lawrence herself, identify with autogynephilia and feel that it accurately describes their experiences.[7][8][9] Lawrence has written a 2013 book on autogynephilia called Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism.[7] This book includes over 300 first-person narratives of autogynephilia by transgender women and non-transgender males that were submitted to and collected by Lawrence via her website.[7] Lawrence has stated that all her life she had an absence of narratives that gave meaning to her own experience, and this was her motivation for writing the book.[6] It has been regarded by Blanchard as the definitive text on the subject of autogynephilia, and he has compared it to Magnus Hirschfeld's classic 1910 work, Die Transvestiten: Eine Untersuchung über den Erotischen Verkleidungstrieb (Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress).[7]

Besides her book, Lawrence has published numerous literature reviews on autogynephilia and Blanchard's typology,[30][26][31][32][33][4] other erotic target location errors and paraphilias,[34][35][36] and gender dysphoria, transgenderism, and transition.[37][38][39][40][20] She has additionally published multiple clinical studies on transgender women, transition, and autogynephilia and other paraphilias.[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] Lawrence has defended Blanchard's typology against opposition and critiqued studies claiming to contradict it.[48][49][50][51] She has also challenged claims by some, such as sexologist Charles Allen Moser, that cisgender women experience autogynephilia similarly to transgender women.[52][53] She has additionally critiqued the brain-sex theory of transgenderism, at least applied to transgender women matching the profile of being autogynephilic.[54][55] In 2009, Lawrence published a case report of autoandrophilia in a gay man, which was one of the first documented reports of this claimed phenomenon.[33][56][57]

Lawrence has been a member of the American Medical Association and the International Academy of Sex Research and has served on the board of directors of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality.[30] She has been a member of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA) (now the World Professional Association for Transgender Health or WPATH) since 1995.[58] Lawrence was a consultant for the fifth version (1998), a coauthor of the sixth version (2001), and provided limited recommendations for the seventh version (2012) of the HBIGDA/WPATH Standards of Care for gender dysphoria and transgender people.[58][59][60][61] She worked to help liberalize the Standards of Care and to reduce barriers to care, especially for transgender women who fit the profile of being autogynephilic.[8] Besides the Standards of Care, Lawrence provided input on gender dysphoria and transgenderism to the 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).[62][63][64] She subsequently criticized some of the decisions for this area of the DSM-5 after it was published.[64]

Lawrence previously maintained a personal website with information for transgender women called Transsexual Women's Resources.[15][8]

Selected publications

Books

Papers

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Anne A. Lawrence (January 2014). "Anne A. Lawrence, M.D., Ph.D., M.A. Curriculum Vitae, January 2014" (PDF). annelawrence.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-02.
  2. ^ a b c d e Anne A. Lawrence (November 2017). "Dr. Anne Lawrence Publications". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-07.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Anne A. Lawrence (2000). "About My Transition (A Document for My Colleagues)". Archived from the original on 2000-06-22. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Lawrence, Anne A. (2017). "Autogynephilia and the Typology of Male-to-Female Transsexualism: Concepts and Controversies" (PDF). European Psychologist. 22 (1): 39–54. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000276. ISSN 1016-9040. S2CID 151624961. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-04-24. Anne A. Lawrence, MD, PhD, is an Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Lethbridge, AB, Canada. She is the author of Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism (Springer, 2013) and over 50 book chapters, research studies, review articles, and commentaries concerning gender identity disorders and paraphilias.
  5. ^ a b c d Anne A. Lawrence (December 2023). "About the Author - Anne A. Lawrence MD, PhD On Gender Dysphoria and Transsexualism". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Stella O'Malley and Sasha Ayad (18 March 2022). "67 - Pioneers Series: Men Trapped in Men's Bodies, with Anne Lawrence". Gender: A Wider Lens (Podcast). Substack. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Anne A. Lawrence (2013). Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism (PDF). Focus on Sexuality Research. Springer Science & Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5182-2. ISBN 978-1-4614-5182-2. OCLC 910979847. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-03-23.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dreger AD (June 2008). "The controversy surrounding "The man who would be queen": a case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age". Arch Sex Behav. 37 (3): 366–421. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9301-1. PMC 3170124. PMID 18431641.
  9. ^ a b Illy, P. (2023). Autoheterosexual: Attracted to Being the Other Sex. Houndstooth Press. ISBN 978-1-5445-4144-0. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  10. ^ Lawrence, Anne (18 August 1999). "Lessons from Autogynephiles: Eroticism, Motivation, and the Standards of Care. Presented at the 16th HBIGDA Symposium, London, UK, August 18, 1999". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2001-10-23. Retrieved 12 May 2024. As you may imagine, I've done a great deal of reading about transsexualism over the past 30 years. But among all the books and papers I've read, one article stands out as having most influenced my thinking about transsexualism. When I first read it in 1994, I experienced a kind of epiphany. This article's initially unpromising title was "Clinical Observations and Systematic Studies of Autogynephilia." It was written by Ray Blanchard, a clinical psychologist at the Clarke Institute in Toronto.
  11. ^ a b c d Joyce, H. (2021). "Sissy Boys and the Woman Inside". Trans: When Ideology Meets Reality. Oneworld Publications. pp. 31–52. ISBN 978-0-86154-050-1. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  12. ^ a b Anne A. Lawrence (1996). "Taking Portlandia's Hand: Sex Reassignment Surgery in Portland". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2007-08-21. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  13. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (1997). "Transitioning in the Professional Workplace: One Woman's Experience". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2001-10-05. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  14. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (1 October 2001). "Anne Lawrence, M.D. -- Presentations and Papers". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2001-12-12. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  15. ^ a b Anne A. Lawrence (1998). "A Brief History of the Transsexual Women's Resources Web Site". Archived from the original on 1999-02-02. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  16. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (1999). "Transsexual Women's Resources: Medical and Other Resources for Transsexual Women (Male-to-Female)". Archived from the original on 1999-10-01. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  17. ^ "Anne A. Lawrence, M.D., Ph.D. – Practice Information". Archived from the original on 2017-10-20.
  18. ^ Lawrence AA (June 2008). "Shame and narcissistic rage in autogynephilic transsexualism" (PDF). Arch Sex Behav. 37 (3): 457–461, discussion 505–510. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9325-1. PMID 18431633.
  19. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (2016). "Dr. Anne Lawrence Practice Information". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-24.
  20. ^ a b Lawrence, Anne A. (11 May 2018). "Gender Dysphoria". Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis, Eighth Edition. Wiley. pp. 633–668. doi:10.1002/9781394258970.ch17. ISBN 978-1-394-25897-0.
  21. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (December 2023). "Anne A. Lawrence MD, PhD On Gender Dysphoria and Transsexualism". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  22. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (2023). "Did You Transition Ten or More Years Ago?: A Research Project". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  23. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (2024). "Did You Transition Ten or More Years Ago?: A Research Project". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  24. ^ Richard Ekins; Dave King (23 October 2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. SAGE Publications. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-1-84787-726-0.
  25. ^ Berring, Jesse (11 February 2013). "The Third Gender". Disarming Cupid: Love, Sex and Science. Scientific American. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4668-3384-5.
  26. ^ a b Lawrence, Anne A. (2007). "Becoming What We Love: Autogynephilic Transsexualism Conceptualized as an Expression of Romantic Love" (PDF). Perspect. Biol. Med. 50 (4): 506–520. doi:10.1353/pbm.2007.0050. PMID 17951885. S2CID 31767722. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  27. ^ Serano, Julia (2020). "Autogynephilia: A scientific review, feminist analysis, and alternative 'embodiment fantasies' model". The Sociological Review. 68 (4): 763–778. doi:10.1177/0038026120934690. ISSN 0038-0261.
  28. ^ Serano, Julia M. (2010-10-12). "The Case Against Autogynephilia". International Journal of Transgenderism. 12 (3): 176–187. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.514223. ISSN 1553-2739.
  29. ^ Moser, Charles (30 June 2010). "Blanchard's Autogynephilia Theory: A Critique". Journal of Homosexuality. 57 (6). Informa UK Limited: 790–809. doi:10.1080/00918369.2010.486241. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 20582803.
  30. ^ a b Lawrence, Anne A. (2004). "Autogynephilia: A Paraphilic Model of Gender Identity Disorder" (PDF). Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy. 8 (1/2): 69–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.656.9256. doi:10.1080/19359705.2004.9962367. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-03-23. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  31. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2009). "Transgenderism in Nonhomosexual Males As a Paraphilic Phenomenon: Implications for Case Conceptualization and Treatment" (PDF). Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 24 (2): 188–206. doi:10.1080/14681990902937340. ISSN 1468-1994.
  32. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (6 February 2010). "Sexual Orientation versus Age of Onset as Bases for Typologies (Subtypes) for Gender Identity Disorder in Adolescents and Adults" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39 (2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 514–545. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9594-3. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 20140487.
  33. ^ a b Lawrence, Anne A. (2011). "Autogynephilia: An Underappreciated Paraphilia" (PDF). Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine. 31: 135–148. doi:10.1159/000328921. ISBN 978-3-8055-9825-5. ISSN 1662-2855. PMID 22005209. S2CID 16143265. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-03-23.
  34. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2006). "Clinical and Theoretical Parallels Between Desire for Limb Amputation and Gender Identity Disorder" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 35 (3): 263–278. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9026-6. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 16799838. S2CID 17528273. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-03-23.
  35. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2009). "Erotic Target Location Errors: An Underappreciated Paraphilic Dimension" (PDF). Journal of Sex Research. 46 (2–3): 194–215. doi:10.1080/00224490902747727. ISSN 0022-4499. JSTOR 20620414. PMID 19308843. S2CID 10105602. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-04-15.
  36. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2017). "Transvestism". In Puri, Basant; Treasaden, Ian (eds.). Forensic Psychiatry: Fundamentals and Clinical Practice (1 ed.). London: CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781315380797-48 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 9781315380797.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  37. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2007). "Transgender Health Concerns". In Meyer, Ilan H.; Northridge, Mary E. (eds.). The Health of Sexual Minorities: Public Health Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Populations (PDF). Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 473–505. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4. ISBN 978-0-387-28871-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-04-25.
  38. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (25 January 2008). "Gender Identity Disorders in Adults: Diagnosis and Treatment". Handbook of Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders. Wiley. pp. 423–456. doi:10.1002/9781118269978.ch14. ISBN 978-0-471-76738-1.
  39. ^ Zucker, Kenneth J.; Lawrence, Anne A.; Kreukels, Baudewijntje P.C. (28 March 2016). "Gender Dysphoria in Adults" (PDF). Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 12 (1): 217–247. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093034. ISSN 1548-5943. PMID 26788901.
  40. ^ Osborne, Cynthia S.; Lawrence, Anne A. (2016). "Male Prison Inmates With Gender Dysphoria: When Is Sex Reassignment Surgery Appropriate?" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 45 (7): 1649–1663. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0700-z. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 26979819.
  41. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2003). "Factors Associated with Satisfaction or Regret Following Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment Surgery" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 32 (4): 299–315. doi:10.1023/A:1024086814364. PMID 12856892.
  42. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2005). "Sexuality Before and After Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment Surgery" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 34 (2): 147–166. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1793-y. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 15803249.
  43. ^ Lawrence, Anne A.; Latty, Elizabeth M.; Chivers, Meredith L.; Bailey, J. Michael (2005). "Measurement of Sexual Arousal in Postoperative Male-to-Female Transsexuals Using Vaginal Photoplethysmography" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 34 (2): 135–145. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1792-z. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 15803248.
  44. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2006). "Patient-Reported Complications and Functional Outcomes of Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment Surgery" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 35 (6): 717–727. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9104-9. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 17109225.
  45. ^ Lawrence AA, Love-Crowell J (2008). "Psychotherapists' experience with clients who engage in consensual sadomasochism: a qualitative study" (PDF). J Sex Marital Ther. 34 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1080/00926230701620936. PMID 18396730.
  46. ^ Lawrence AA (April 2010). "Societal individualism predicts prevalence of nonhomosexual orientation in male-to-female transsexualism" (PDF). Arch Sex Behav. 39 (2): 573–83. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9420-3. PMID 19067152.
  47. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2013). "More Evidence that Societal Individualism Predicts Prevalence of Nonhomosexual Orientation in Male-to-Female Transsexualism" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 42 (5): 693–695. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0083-3. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 23377823.
  48. ^ Lawrence, Anne A.; Bailey, J. Michael (2009). "Transsexual Groups in Veale et al. (2008) are "Autogynephilic" and "Even More Autogynephilic"" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (2): 173–175. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9431-0. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 18989768.
  49. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2010). "A Validation of Blanchard's Typology: Comment on Nuttbrock et al. (2010)". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39 (5): 1011–1015. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9615-2. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 20300958.
  50. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2011). "Further Validation of Blanchard's Typology: A Reply to Nuttbrock, Bockting, Rosenblum, Mason, and Hwahng (2010)" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 40 (6): 1089–1091. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9742-4. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 21350913.
  51. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (2014). "Veale's (2014) Critique of Blanchard's Typology Was Invalid" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43 (8): 1679–1683. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0383-2. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 25193133.
  52. ^ Lawrence, Anne A. (24 September 2009). "Erotic Target Location Errors are Easy to Mischaracterize: A Reply to Moser" (PDF). Journal of Sex Research. 46 (5): 385–386. doi:10.1080/00224490903230061. ISSN 0022-4499.
  53. ^ Lawrence AA (2010). "Something resembling autogynephilia in women: comment on Moser (2009)" (PDF). J Homosex. 57 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1080/00918360903445749. PMID 20069491.
  54. ^ Bailey JM, Triea K (2007). "What many transgender activists don't want you to know: and why you should know it anyway" (PDF). Perspect Biol Med. 50 (4): 521–534. doi:10.1353/pbm.2007.0041. PMID 17951886. Archived from the original on 2023-04-28. Retrieved 2024-11-18.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  55. ^ Anne A. Lawrence (2007). "A Critique of the Brain-Sex Theory of Transsexualism". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-20.
  56. ^ Lawrence AA (December 2009). "Anatomic autoandrophilia in an adult male" (PDF). Arch Sex Behav. 38 (6): 1050–1056. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9446-6. PMID 19093196.
  57. ^ Hsu, Kevin J.; Bailey, J. Michael (2022). "Erotic Target Identity Inversions". Gender and Sexuality Development (PDF). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 589–612. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_20. ISBN 978-3-030-84272-7. Archived from the original on 2024-05-15.
  58. ^ a b Anne A. Lawrence (2001). "Anne Lawrence, M.D. -- Nominee for the HBIGDA Board of Directors, 2001". annelawrence.com. Archived from the original on 2001-10-05. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  59. ^ Levine, S. B.; Brown, G.; Coleman, E.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; Joris Hage, J.; Van Maasdam, J.; Petersen, M.; Pfaefflin, F.; Schaefer, L. C. (June 1998). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders [Fifth Version]". International Journal of Transgenderism. 2 (2). Archived from the original on 1998-12-05. Consultants: Dallas Denny MA, Domineco DiCeglie MD, Wolf Eicher MD, Jamison Green, Richard Green MD, Louis Gooren MD, Donald Laub MD, Anne Lawrence MD, Walter Meyer III MD, C. Christine Wheeler Ph.D
  60. ^ Meyer, W.; Bockting, W. O.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; Coleman, E.; DiCeglie, D.; Devor, H.; Gooren, L.; Joris Hage, J.; Kirk, S.; Kuiper, B.; Laub, D.; Lawrence, A.; Menard, Y.; Patton, J.; Schaefer, L.; Webb, A.; Wheeler, C. C. (February 2001). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders – Sixth Version". International Journal of Transgenderism. 5 (1). Archived from the original on 2001-07-09. Reprinted in Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 13 (1), pp. 1–30 (2001/2002), doi:10.1300/J056v13n01_01.
  61. ^ Zucker, Kenneth J.; Lawrence, Anne A. (12 May 2009). "Epidemiology of Gender Identity Disorder: Recommendations for the Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health" (PDF). International Journal of Transgenderism. 11 (1): 8–18. doi:10.1080/15532730902799946. ISSN 1553-2739.
  62. ^ Lawrence AA (December 2010). "Proposed revisions to gender identity disorder diagnoses in the DSM-5" (PDF). Arch Sex Behav. 39 (6): 1253–1260. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9660-x. PMID 20725853.
  63. ^ Lawrence AA (August 2011). "Do some men who desire sex reassignment have a mental disorder? Comment on Meyer-Bahlburg (2010)" (PDF). Arch Sex Behav. 40 (4): 651–654, author reply 655–657. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9720-2. PMID 21360239.
  64. ^ a b Lawrence AA (October 2014). "Gender assignment dysphoria in the DSM-5" (PDF). Arch Sex Behav. 43 (7): 1263–6. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0249-z. PMID 24496786.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Lawrence