Sturmpanzerwagen A7V
Sole surviving A7V (Mephisto) on display at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra
Type	Heavy tank
Place of origin	German Empire
Service history
In service	21 March 1918 – 16 October 1918
Used by	German Empire
Wars	World War I German Revolution
Production history
Designer	Joseph Vollmer
Designed	1916
Manufacturer	Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft
No. built	20
Specifications
Mass	31.5 t (31.0 long tons; 34.7 short tons) battle weight
Length	7.34 m (24 ft 1 in)
Width	3.1 m (10 ft 2 in)
Height	3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
Crew	A minimum of 18, sometimes up to 25.
Armor	5 to 30 mm (0.20 to 1.18 in)[1]
Main armament	5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt (initially with 180 rounds; later 300)
Secondary armament	6 × 7.9 mm machine guns 36,000 rounds
Engine	2 × Daimler-Benz 4-cylinder 200 hp (149 kW) total
Power/weight	6.5 hp/tonne
Transmission	Adler gearboxes and differentials
Suspension	Holt track, vertical springs
Operational range	30–80 km (19–50 mi)
Maximum speed	15 km/h (9.3 mph) on roads 6.4 km/h (4.0 mph) cross-country

The Sturmpanzerwagen A7V was a heavy tank introduced by Germany in 1918 during World War I. One hundred chassis were ordered in early 1917, ten to be finished as fighting vehicles with armoured bodies, and the remainder as Überlandwagen cargo carriers.^[2] The number to be armoured was later increased to 20. They were used in action from March to October 1918, and were the only tanks produced by Germany in World War I to be used in combat, as well as being the first operational German Tank.^[3] It was developed as a response to British tanks. While certain publications have attempted to claim the A7V was an improvement over its British competition, there is nothing to support this suggestion. It was less capable across rough terrain, slower, required a far larger crew to operate and ultimately never had any success comparable to that of the British ‘Land Ships’.

After the first British tanks appeared on the Western Front, in September 1916, the German War Ministry formed a committee, under the auspices of its Allgemeines Kriegsdepartement, Abteilung 7 Verkehrswesen ("General War Department, Section 7, Transportation"),^[4] to investigate tank development.

The project to design and build the first German tank was placed under the direction of Joseph Vollmer, one of Germany's foremost automobile designers. It was to weigh around 30 tons, be capable of crossing ditches up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) wide, have armament including a cannon at the front and rear as well as several machine-guns, and reach a top speed of at least 12 kilometres per hour (7.5 mph). The running gear was based on the American Holt tractor, copied from examples loaned by the Austro-Hungarian Army. After initial plans were shared with the army in December 1916, the design was extended to be a universal chassis that could be used as a base for both a tank and unarmoured Überlandwagen ("over-land vehicle") cargo carriers.

The first prototype was completed by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft at Berlin-Marienfelde and tested on 30 April 1917. A wooden mockup of a final version was completed in May 1917 and demonstrated in Mainz with 10 tons of ballast to simulate the weight of the armor. During final design, the rear-facing cannon was removed and the number of machine-guns was increased to six. The first pre-production A7V was produced in September 1917, followed by the first production model in October 1917. The tanks were given to Assault Tank Units 1 and 2, founded on 20 September 1917, each with five officers and 109 non-commissioned officers and soldiers.^[5]

The tank's name was derived from that of its parent organization, Allgemeines Kriegsdepartement, Abteilung 7 (Verkehrswesen) (General War Department, Section 7, Transport). In German, the tank was called Sturmpanzerwagen (roughly "armoured assault vehicle").^{[citation needed]}

The A7V was 7.34 m (24 ft 1 in) long and 3 m (9 ft 10 in) wide, and the maximum height was 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in). The tank had 20 mm of steel plate at the sides, 30 mm at the front and 10 mm for the roof;^[5] however, the steel was not hardened armour plate, which reduced its effectiveness. It was sufficient to stop machine-gun and rifle fire, but not larger calibre rounds.

The crew officially consisted of at least 17 soldiers and one officer: commander (officer, typically a lieutenant), driver, mechanic, mechanic/signaller, 12 infantrymen (six machine gunners, six loaders), and two artillerymen (main gunner and loader). A7Vs often went into action with as many as 25 men on board.

The A7V was armed with six 7.92 mm MG08 machine guns and a 5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt cannon mounted at the front. Some of these cannons were of British manufacture and had been captured in Belgium early in the war; others were captured in Russia in 1918 and appear to have included some Russian-made copies.

Some A7Vs originally were built with two forward-facing machine guns instead of a 57 mm gun. Most were converted to carry a 57 mm before entering service. Number 501, Gretchen, took part in the action at St. Quentin before her 57 mm was fitted.

The A7V carried between 40 and 60 cartridge belts for its machine guns, each of 250 rounds, giving it a total of 10,000 to 15,000 rounds. Officially, it carried 180 shells for the 57 mm gun, of which 90 were canister, 54 were armor-piercing, and 36 were high-explosive; in practice, however, A7V crews stowed up to 300 57 mm rounds for combat.

Power came from two centrally mounted Daimler 4-cylinder petrol engines delivering 75 kW (101 hp) each; the A7V carried 500 litres (110 imp gal; 130 US gal) of fuel. The top speed was about 15 km/h (9.3 mph) on roads and 5 km/h (3.1 mph) across country. The 24 wheel suspension was individually sprung – an advantage over the unsprung British tanks. The A7V's power-to-weight ratio was 5.1 kW/ton (6.8 hp/ton), it could cross trenches up to 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) wide, and its ground clearance was 190 to 400 mm (7.5 to 15.7 in).

Compared to that of other World War I tanks, the A7V's road speed was quite high, but the vehicle had very poor off-road capability and a high centre of gravity, which made it prone to getting stuck or overturning on steep slopes. The large overhang at the front and the low ground clearance meant that trenches or very muddy areas were impassable. The driver's view of the terrain directly in front of the tank was obscured by the vehicle's hull, which meant that there was a blind spot of about 10 metres (33 ft). However, in open terrain, the A7V could be used to some success, and offered more firepower than the armoured cars that were available.

The A7V was first used in combat on 21 March 1918. Five tanks of Abteilung I (Detachment I) under the command of Hauptmann Greiff were deployed north of the St. Quentin Canal. Three of the A7Vs suffered mechanical failures before they entered combat; the remaining pair helped stop a minor British breakthrough in the area, but otherwise saw little combat that day.

Three detachments (Abteilungen) of tanks were assigned to an attack in April 1918 at Villers-Bretonneux at the head of the four German divisions spread over a 6.4-kilometre (4 mi) front. Two tanks broke down en route, but the 13 that saw action achieved some success, and the British recorded that their lines were broken by the tanks.

The first and second tank-against-tank combat in history took place on 24 April 1918 when three A7Vs (including chassis number 561, known as Nixe) taking part in an attack with infantry incidentally met three British Mark IVs (two female machine gun-armed tanks and one male with two 6-pounder guns) near Villers-Bretonneux. During the battle, tanks on both sides were damaged. According to the British lead tank commander, Second Lieutenant Frank Mitchell, the female Mk IVs fell back after being damaged by armour-piercing bullets. They were unable to damage the A7Vs with their own machine guns. Mitchell then attacked the lead German tank, commanded by Second Lieutenant Wilhelm Biltz,^[6] with the 6-pounders of his own tank and knocked it out. He hit it three times, and killed five of the crew when they bailed out. He stated that he then went on to rout some infantry with case shot. The two remaining A7Vs in turn withdrew. As Mitchell's tank withdrew from action, seven British Whippet tanks also engaged the German infantry. Three of these were knocked out in the battle, and it is unclear if any of them engaged the retreating German tanks but they did carry out an attack on two German battalions in the open to the rear causing them to break and flee.^[7] Mitchell's tank lost a track towards the end of the battle due to damage from an exploding mortar shell and was abandoned. The damaged A7V limped back to the German lines, but eventually broke down. It was later destroyed by a German demolition squad, to prevent its capture and reuse by the Allies. During the same day however, another tank-against-tank fight took place where an A7V engaged a group of Whippet tanks and destroyed one of them.^[8][9]

A counterattack later re-established the Allied line, by which time three A7Vs were out of action in No Man's Land or behind German lines. Nixe was badly damaged, and a German team destroyed it with explosive charges during the night of the 24th. Elfriede had overturned; it was righted and recovered from No Man's Land three weeks later by French troops and British tanks, and handed over to the French for examination. Mephisto lay stuck in a crater behind German lines for almost three months. After the area was taken by Australian troops, in July, the tank was towed to the rear by British tanks and, eventually, transported to Australia.

In May, A7Vs were used with limited success in an attack on the French near Soissons, during the Third Battle of the Aisne.

On 15 July, at Reims (during the Second Battle of the Marne), the Germans put eight A7Vs and 20 captured Mk IVs against the French lines. Although 10 of the Mk IVs were lost in this action, no A7Vs were lost.

The final use in World War I of A7Vs was in a small but successful action on 11 October 1918, near Iwuy.

Germany did not consider the A7V a success and planned other designs. However, the end of the war meant none of the other tanks in development or planned ones – such as the Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien and the 120-ton K-Wagen – would be finished.

With only 20 produced, the A7V made only a very minor contribution to the German war effort in World War I, and the approximately 50 captured British Mark IV tanks (renamed Beutepanzer in German operation) the Germans fielded in action during the war outnumbered the A7V.^[10] In contrast, the French produced over 3,600 of their light Renault FT, the most numerous tank of World War I, and the British over 2,500 of their Mark I, II, III, IV, V, and V* heavy tanks.

Two vehicles closely resembling the A7V, one of which was named Hedi, were among several used by Kokampf, a Freikorps tank unit, to quell civil unrest in Berlin in 1919. They were constructed using the chassis from Überlandwagen and armed with four MG08/15 machine guns. It is not known whether the vehicles were armour-plated.^[11]

There is a popular myth that France handed over several A7Vs to Polish forces, which used them during the Polish–Soviet War in 1919–1920. However, reliable sources dismiss the idea because the fate of each A7V that saw service in World War I is known and includes no transfers to Poland and there is no known official record or photographic evidence of A7Vs in Polish service.^[12][13]

The design of the A7V is featured on the 1921 Tank Memorial Badge, awarded to German veterans of World War I who served as tank crewmen.

Chassis number	Tank name(s)	Image (If available)	Notes & Fate
501	Gretchen		Armed only with machine guns until fitted with a 57 mm cannon in late 1918. Abandoned at Sainte-Cécile (Belgium), believed scrapped practically in situ by the Allies in 1919.
502/503	Faust, Kronprinz Wilhelm, Wilhelm, Heiland	Possibly named König Wilhelm at one point.	502 became a Geländewagen ("cross-country vehicle"), and was not fitted with armour. After a defect of chassis 502 in March 1918, its structure was set to chassis 503 (503 suffered a cylinder head crack in April 1918). Gifted in October 1918 and taken by the British who scrapped it locally.
504/544	Schnuck		After a defect of chassis 544, its structure was set to chassis 504. Damaged by friendly fire at Fremicourt on 31 August 1918 it was abandoned by crew, and captured by troops of the New Zealand Division three days later. Displayed in London on Horse Guards Parade[14] 1918/19 and given to the Imperial War Museum in 1919 but disposed of in 1922 with only the main gun kept.[15]
505	Baden I, Prinz August Wilhelm, August Wilhelm		Scrapped by the Allies in 1919
506	Mephisto		The only surviving A7V. Ditched and abandoned at Villers-Bretonneux on 24 April 1918; it was recovered by British and Australian troops in July. Taken via London to Brisbane, Australia in 1919, it is now on permanent display at Queensland Museum.
507	Cyklop, Prinz Eitel Friedrich, Eitel Friedrich, Imperator		Briefly in hands of Freikorps at Lankwitz after the Armistice. Scrapped in 1919.
525	Siegfried		Scrapped by the Allies in 1919.
526	Possibly named Alter Fritz	Cannibalized	Scrapped by Germans, 1 June 1918.
527	Lotti		Struck by artillery at Fort de la Pompelle, Reims and abandoned by crew on 1 June 1918.
528	Hagen		Ditched and abandoned by its crew at Fremicourt on 31 August 1918; captured by New Zealand troops and displayed on Horse Guards Parade; scrapped in 1919.
529	Nixe II		Disabled by French artillery at Reims on 31 May 1918; recovered by French and handed over to US Army. Displayed at Aberdeen Proving Grounds Museum, USA; scrapped in 1942.
540	Heiland	End of the war with troupe	Scrapped by the Allies in 1919.
541		End of the war with troupe	Scrapped by the Allies in 1919.
542	Elfriede		Overturned and was abandoned at Villers-Bretonneux, 24 April 1918. Recovered from no man's land by British tanks on 15 May and handed over to French forces. Photographed at Saleux 26 May 1918. Displayed at Place de la Concorde in Paris in late 1918.
543	Bulle, Prinz Adalbert, Adalbert		Tank was renamed twice, first around April/May 1918 and again in late May 1918.Scrapped by the Allies in 1919.
560	Alter Fritz	Leutnant Ernst Volckheim fifth from left	Lost at Iwuy, 11 October 1918.
561	Nixe		Disabled, destroyed on battlefield by Germans on 24 April 1918.
562	Herkules	Picture of "562"	Looted and then cannibalized by the British.
563	Wotan	Picture of "563" at[16] Replica of "Wotan"	Scrapped by the Allies in 1919; a replica of Wotan A7V was built in the late 1980s, based largely on Mephisto
564	Prinz Oskar, Oskar	End of the war with troupe	Scrapped by the Allies in 1919.

• A7V-U: (umlaufende Ketten = "tracks running all the way round"). An attempt to reproduce the all-terrain capability of the British tanks, the A7V-U was still based on the Holt chassis but had a rhomboidal hull and all-round tracks. The cab was similar to, but bigger than, that on the A7V and was mounted on top of the forward part of the hull. Two 57 mm guns were carried in sponsons similar to the British type. The prototype was built in June 1918; trials showed that it was nose-heavy and had a high centre of gravity, and the 40-ton weight caused manoeuvrability problems. On the assumption that the problems could be rectified, 20 were ordered in September 1918, the same month work on the design was halted.^[5]

Drawings for two improved designs were prepared, but the war ended before any were produced.

Thirty chassis were assigned for completion as Überlandwagen supply carriers, but not all were completed before the end of the war.

• A7V Flakpanzer: Its engine was placed under the driver's compartment, which had a tarpaulin holder to cover the driver from bad weather, ammo boxes were placed around the driver's compartment and beneath the gun themselves.^[17] It is claimed that it was armed with two Russian 76 mm divisional gun M1902 field guns on the first two prototypes of the A7V Flakpanzer.^[18] The third prototype of the A7V Flakpanzer was armed with a Krupp-Manufactured 7.7 cm (3.03 in) leichte Feld Kanone 1896 n/a, only one l.F.K 1896 was mounted onto the vehicle.^[17] No paperwork related or mentioning these weapons has been found.^[18]

The only surviving A7V is Mephisto, which was abandoned by its crew during the Battle of Villers-Bretonneux in April 1918. It was recovered three months later by British and Australian troops, and taken to Australia in 1919 as a trophy. The vehicle stood outside the old Queensland Museum in Bowen Hills, Brisbane, under an open-sided shelter for many years until being moved into the new Queensland Museum on Southbank in 1986. It was damaged by floodwater in 2011, and taken for restoration to the Workshops Rail Museum, North Ipswich, Queensland. After restoration it was displayed at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra, from 2015 until 2017. It has now been returned to the Queensland Museum.^[19]

The cannon from A7V 504 Schnuck is on display at the Imperial War Museum North in Manchester.

There are numerous modern replicas, made to look like the original, many made of wood and modern materials:

• A running replica was built in 2009 by Bob Grundy of British Military Vehicles, Wigan, UK, a company that specialises in the restoration of old military vehicles. The replica is constructed of plywood and angle iron, using the engine, transmission and tracks from two Fordson County Crawlers – tracked agricultural vehicles – and is painted to represent A7V number 504, Schnuck. It was purchased by The Tank Museum, Bovington, in November 2012. It is on display inside the museum, and takes part in outdoor displays alongside the museum's replica British Mark IV that was constructed for the film War Horse.^[20]
• A static replica is in the Deutsches Panzermuseum in Munster. It is named Wotan, but is largely based on the surviving example, Mephisto.
• A mobile mock-up of an A7V appears in the East German feature film Trotz Alledem (1972), the story of Karl Liebknecht and the 1919 Spartacist uprising in Berlin.^[21]
• A mock-up is among the vehicles at the Milovice Tankodrome in the Czech Republic.^[22]

• Tanks in the German Army
• Überlandwagen
• Panzer
• Fiat 2000

Notes

Bibliography

• Foley, John (1967). A7V Sturmpanzerwagen. Armour in Profile. Great Bookham, Surrey: Profile Publications.
• Forty, George (1995). Tank Action from the Great War to the Gulf. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd. pp. 39–47. ISBN 978-0-7509-0479-7.
• Foss, Christopher F. (2003). The Encyclopedia of Tanks and Armoured Fighting Vehicles. Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-188-3.
• Funk, Wolfram (2003). "zur Technik des Sturmpanzers A7V (Technology of the Sturmpanzerwagen A7V)". Sturmpanzerwagen A7V : vom Urpanzer zum Kampfpanzer Leopard 2 : ein Beitrag zur Militär- und Technikgeschichte [Sturmpanzerwagen A7V: from early tanks to the Leopard 2 battle tank: a contribution to the military and technological history]. Wehrtechnik und wissenschaftliche Waffenkunde (in German). Vol. 15. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 978-3-76376-243-9.
• Hundleby, Maxwell; Strasheim, Rainer (1990). The German A7V Tank and the Captured British Mark IV Tanks of World War I. Haynes Foulis. ISBN 978-0-85429-788-7.
• Hundleby, Maxwell; Strasheim, Rainer (2010). Sturmpanzer A7V: First of the Panzers. Tankograd. ISBN 978-3-936519-11-2.
• Koch, Fred (1994). Beutepanzer im Ersten Weltkrieg [Captured tanks in the First World War] (in German). Wölfersheim-Berstadt: Podzun-Pallas-Verlag GmbH. ISBN 978-3-7909-0520-5.
• Schneider, Wolfgang; Strasheim, Rainer (1990). German Tanks in WWI – The A7V & Early Tank Development. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publications. ISBN 978-0-88740-237-1.
• Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-995-9.
• Zaloga, Steve (2006). German Panzers 1914–18. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-945-5.
• The A7V Tank can be used in a First Person shooter game called Battlefield 1, Rare female versions of this tank actually had Flamethrowers on the sides instead of machine guns, making it more effective for close combat than soldiers dangerously using them for open exposure.

• The First German Tank - Sturmpanzerwagen A7V illustrated (video)
• Articles on A7V and variants at Landships II.
• Memoir of the British/German tank battle
• German Sturmpanzerwagen A7V Tank (video)
• "Clearer" video of the A7V Sturmpanzerwagen at YouTube
• A7V Replica Demonstration (video)
• Excerpt from "Trotz Alledem" showing replica