This article is about music-related events in 1834.

• September – Viennese ballerina Fanny Elssler makes her debut with the Ballet du Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique at the Paris Opera's Salle Le Peletier.
• October 7 – Birmingham Town Hall in Birmingham, England, designed by Joseph Hansom and Edward Welch, is opened for the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival.
• December 21 – "Kde domov můj" (Where My Home Is), with music by František Škroup and words by Josef Kajetán Tyl, which will become the national anthem of the Czech Republic, originates as a part of the incidental music to the comedy Fidlovačka aneb Žádný hněv a žádná rvačka (Fidlovačka, or No Anger and No Brawl), first performed by Karel Strakatý at the Estates Theatre in Prague, at this time subject to the Habsburg monarchy.
• Mikhail Glinka returns to Russia after several years away with the intention of composing Russian nationalist music.

• Pierre Baillot – L'art du violon
• J.C. Maugin – Manuel du Luthier

• "Alphabet song" (copyrighted by C. Bradlee)

• Charles-Valentin Alkan – Variations sur un thème de Bellini, Op.16 No.5
• William Sterndale Bennett – Piano Concerto in C Minor
• Hector Berlioz – Harold in Italy
• Ole Bull
  • Violin Concerto No.1, Op.4
  • Quartet for Solo Violin
• Norbert Burgmuller
  • Rhapsodie in B minor for Piano, Op.13
  • Duo for Piano and Clarinet, Op.15
• Luigi Cherubini – String Quartet No. 3 in D minor
• Frederic Chopin – Fantaisie-Impromptu (published posthumously in 1855)
• Felicien David
  • Fantasia harabi
  • Égyptienne
  • Vieux Caire
• Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst
  • Nocturnes for Violin and Piano, Op.8
  • Thème allemand varié, Op.9
  • Souvenir du 'Pré aux clercs'
• Johann Nepomuk Hummel – Grand rondeau brillant, Op.126
• Friedrich Kalkbrenner
  • Les Soupirs, Op.121
  • Thême favori de la 'Norma' de Bellini varié, Op.122
• Karol Kurpinski – Polonaise in C major
• Franz Paul Lachner
  • Waldklänge, Op.28
  • Symphony No.3, Op.41
• Luigi Legnani – Grande Fantasia, Op.61
• Franz Liszt – Apparations
• Giacomo Meyerbeer
  • Le moine
  • Rachel à Nephtali
• James Nares – The souls of the righteous
• George Onslow
  • 3 String Quartets, Op.46
  • String Quartet No.22, Op.47
• Ludwig Schunke
  • Caprice No.1, Op.9
  • Rondeau brillant, Op.11
• Louis Spohr – Erinnerung an Marienbad, Op.89
• Mikhail Vysotsky – Fuga of Bach

• Adolphe Adam – Le Chalet, premiered September 25 in Paris
• Daniel Auber – Lestocq, premiered May 24 in Paris
• John Barnett – The Mountain Sylph
• Gaetano Donizetti – Gemma di Vergy, premiered December 26 in Milan
• Konradin Kreutzer – Das Nachtlager in Granada
• Saverio Mercadante
  • Emma d'Antiochia, premiered March 8 in Venice
  • Uggiero il danese

• January 1 – Ludovic Halévy, librettist (died 1908)
• January 14 – William C. F. Robinson, colonial administrator (d. 1897)
• January 20 – Théodore Salomé, composer (died 1896)
• January 23 – Josef Löw, composer (died 1886)
• January 28 – Sabine Baring-Gould, clergyman, hymn-writer, song collector, writer and scholar (d. 1834)
• February 28 – Sir Charles Santley, baritone (d. 1922)
• March 1 – Hildegard Werner, conductor (d. 1911)
• March 23 – Julius Reubke, pianist, organist and composer (d. 1858)
• March 31 – Amalie Wickenhauser-Neruda, pianist (died 1890)
• April 1 – Isidore-Edouard Legouix, composer (died 1916)
• April 6 – Hart Pease Danks, musician (died 1903)
• May 19 – Carl Müllerhartung, composer (died 1908)
• June 8 – George Garrett, composer (d. 1897)
• June 22 – Frédéric Louis Ritter, composer (died 1891)
• June 24 – George Becker, composer and music writer (d. 1928)
• August 9 – Elias Álvares Lobo, composer (d. 1901)
• August 14 – Alexander Winterberger, composer (died 1914)
• August 17 – Peter Benoit, composer (d. 1901)
• August 31 – Amilcare Ponchielli, composer (d. 1886)
• October 3 – Vilém Blodek, composer (died 1874)
• October 4 – Helen Lemmens-Sherrington, opera singer (died 1906)
• October 17 – Josephine Pollard, hymnist (died 1892)
• October 31 – Knowles Shaw, composer of gospel hymns (d. 1878)
• November 2 – Harriet McEwen Kimball, hymnist (died 1917)
• November 7 – Ernest Gagnon, composer (died 1915)
• November 29 – Sedley Taylor, music theorist (died 1920)
• November 30 – Joseph Mosenthal, musician (died 1896)
• December 12 – Wilhelmine Clauss-Szarvady, pianist (died 1907)
• December 22 – Herman Amberg, composer (died 1902)
• date unknown
  • David Braham, composer (died 1905)
  • Harry McCarthy, songwriter (died 1888)

• January 29 – Johann Gaudenz von Salis-Seewis, librettist (born 1762)
• February 4 – Amélie-Julie Candeille, singer, librettist and composer (b. 1767)
• April 17 – Catherine Maria Fanshawe, lyricist (born 1765)
• June 29 – Alexandre-Étienne Choron, musicologist (born 1771)
• September 2 – David Charles, hymn-writer (b. 1762)^[1]
• August 8 – Silvestro Palma, Italian composer (b. 1754)
• October 8 – François-Adrien Boïeldieu, composer (b. 1775)
• December 7 – Ludwig Schuncke, composer (b. 1810)^[2]
• date unknown
  • Antoine-Laurent Baudron, violinist and composer (b. 1742)
  • August Duranowski, violinist and composer (b. c. 1770)
  • Filip Višnjić, gusle player (b. 1767)