The year 1710 in science and technology involved some significant events.

• The Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala is founded in Uppsala, Sweden, as the Collegium curiosorum ("College of the Curious").

• Edmond Halley, comparing his observations with Ptolemy's catalog, discovers the proper motion of some "fixed" stars.^[1][2]

• Alexis Littré, in his treatise Diverses observations anatomiques, is the first physician to suggest the possibility of performing a lumbar colostomy for an obstruction of the colon.
• Stephen Hales makes the first experimental measurement of the capacity of a mammalian heart.^[3]

• Jakob Christof Le Blon invents a three-color printing process with red, blue, and yellow ink. Years later he adds black introducing the earliest four-color printing process.

• René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur produces a paper on the use of spiders to produce silk.

• John Arbuthnot publishes "An argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the births of both sexes" in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.^[4]

• April 15 – William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1790)^[5]
• April 25 – James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (died 1776)
• May 18 – Johann II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (died 1790)
• June 10 – James Short, Scottish mathematician and optician (died 1768)
• July 21 – Paul Möhring, German physician and zoologist (died 1792)
• August 13 – William Heberden, English physician who gives the first description of angina pectoris (died 1801)
• August 20 – Thomas Simpson, English mathematician (died 1761)
• September 3 – Abraham Trembley, Genevan naturalist (died 1784)

• February 25 – Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, French explorer (born c. 1639)
• July 25 – Gottfried Kirch, German astronomer (born 1639)
• September 23 – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (born 1644)^[6]
• Jean de Fontaney, French Jesuit mathematician and astronomer (born 1643)