Black Eagles
| Black Eagles | |
|---|---|
 Águilas Negras | |
| Leaders | Vicente Castaño (disappeared) |
| Dates of operation | 2006–2011 |
| Ideology | Anti-communism Counter-insurgency |
| Political position | Right-wing to far-right |
| Battles and wars | Colombian Armed Conflict |
Black Eagles (Spanish: Águilas Negras) was a term describing a series of Colombian drug trafficking, right-wing, counter-revolutionary, paramilitary organizations made up of new and preexisting paramilitary forces, that emerged from the failures of the demobilization process between 2004 and 2006, which aimed to disarm the United Self-Defense Units of Colombia (AUC).
The Black Eagles were first considered to be a third generation of paramilitary groups, but Colombian military reports suggest they were intermediaries in the drug business between the guerrilla and drug cartels outside Colombia.[1] As of 2007, they were reported to be active in the city of Barrancabermeja.[2] According to Fundación Paz y Reconciliación, Black Eagles ceased to exist around 2011.[3] Since then, there is no evidence of an armed structure, camps or a military hierarchy; instead, the term Águilas Negras is used as a "franchise" by different, unrelated criminal gangs.
Origins
The Black Eagles first appeared in the Norte de Santander area in 2006.[4] On 18 October 2006, President Álvaro Uribe openly ordered their detention.[5] The government ordered the creation of a new Search Bloc against the Black Eagles and classified them as a gang of former paramilitaries.[6]
The Black Eagles were one of a number of groups formed following the demilitarisation of the AUC, and were said to be closely linked with the Usuga Clan drug cartel and right-wing neo-paramilitary group.[7]
Drugs
The Black Eagles were closely associated with drug cartels and were involved in drug trafficking activities, extortion, racketeering and kidnapping. They also attacked guerrilla members and suspected sympathizers. One individual accused of leading the Black Eagles was former AUC leader Vicente Castaño.[8] Castaño later disappeared, and is believed to have been assassinated on the orders of Diego Murillo Bejarano in retaliation for taking control of his territory and criminal rackets.[9][10]
Groups
- Los Rastrojos: operating in Cauca and Valle del Cauca[11] (approximately 1,200 members).[12]
- Mano Negra: operating in Putumayo (unknown number of members).[13]
References
- ^ "Revista Cambio: Farc y las Águilas Negras se alían en negocios de narcotráfico en el sur de Bolívar" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 October 2008.
- ^ Caleb Harris (12 March 2007). "Paramilitaries re-emerge in pockets of Colombia". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^ "'Las Águilas Negras' no existen: Fundación Paz y Reconciliación". www.radionacional.co. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
- ^ "¿Qué son las Águilas Negras?" (in Spanish). Semana.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ^ "Las 'Águilas negras', grupo conformado por desmovilizados de las autodefensas, ya azotan 5 regiones". ElTiempo.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ Nine presumed members of the Águilas Negras captured, ejercito.mil.co; accessed 20 August 2007.(in Spanish)
- ^ Michael Deibert (June 2010). "Amid Elections, Armed Groups Hold Colombian Town under the Gun". Inter Press Service. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ "Vicente Castaño estaría detrás de las 'Águilas Negras'" (in Spanish). El Pais. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ "Vicente Castaño". Colombia Reports Profiles. 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
- ^ "Vicente Castaño: dead". Cambio (in Spanish). November 2, 2008. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ 27 alleged members of 'Los Rastrojos' gang arrested Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine Colombia Reports, 24 November 2010
- ^ Romero, Simon (3 March 2011). "In Colombia, New Gold Rush Fuels Old Conflict". The New York Times.
- ^ ""New" paramilitaries, all over the map". Plan Colombia and Beyond. 18 July 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007.
External links
- Colombia Reports: Aguilas Negras profile Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
